IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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PhotDgraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRiET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)872-4503 


o 


'/. 


<^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historicai  IVIicroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microreproductions  iiistoriquas 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  fur  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checlced  below. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I     I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pellicuide 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  inic  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  blacic)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  mater al/ 
Reii^  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  dt6  fiimdes. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endom  magmas 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurAes  et/ou  pellicuiies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxec 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthroughy 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 


I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

I — I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

PyK  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

ryi  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I  Only  edition  available/ 


n 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  film^es  d  nouveau  de  fa9on  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The  c< 
to  the 


The  in 
possili 
of  the 
filmini 


Origin 
begini 
the  lai 
sion.  ( 
other 
first  p 
sion,  I 
or  illui 


The  la 
shall  c 
TINUE 
which 

Maps, 
differi 
entirel 
begini 
right  f 
requir 
metho 


0- 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppiimentaires: 


Irregular  pagination:   [1]  -  50,  [369]  -  380  p. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checlced  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

1 

22X 

26X 

30X 

X 

12X                             16X                            20X                             24X                             28X                            32X 

piaire 
88  d6tail8 
iqu88  du 
int  modifiar 
ixiger  una 
da  filmaga 


»d/ 
quiaa 


taira 


i  by  errata 
mad  to 

nant 

,  una  palura, 

I  fa9on  A 

9. 


32X 

Tha  copy  filmad  hara  haa  baan  raproducad  thanka 
to  tha  ganaroaity  of : 

New  Brunswick  Muieum 
Saint  John 

Tha  Imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  batt  quality 
poaalbia  consldaring  tha  condition  and  laglbility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  apacificationt. 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"!, or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


1 

2 

3 

L'exemplaire  f  llmA  f  ut  reprodult  grice  k  la 
g*n*ro8lt4  da: 

New  Brunswick  (Museum 
Saint  John 

Lea  Images  sulvantaa  ont  4t4  raprodultes  avac  la 
plua  grand  soln.  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nettetA  de  Texemplaira  fllmA,  et  en 
conformity  avec  lea  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmaga. 

Las  axemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  solt  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  solt  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  las  autres  axemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
pramiAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darnlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  —*•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grsnd  pour  dtre 
reprodult  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  film*  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  h  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


f       ■: 

-  f  : 

a 

4 

:  •:    5    ■■ 

6 

IN] 


THE    COMPOSITTON    OF 


i 


UdlA^  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES, 


ILLUSTRATED    FROM    THE 


ALGO:N^Km  LA]:^GUAGES. 


BY  ,1.  HAMMOND    TRUMBULL. 


,i 


■n 


! 


u 


\l 


PRESS     (IF 

Cask,  Lficicwooi)  &  Brainark, 

I! a r t to r il ,    Conn. 


A  p 

upon  { 
ei'ty  to 
tioii,  il 
nal  hi 
of  i)or 
sciuu.s 

l)Ut  1)C 

till  wli 
\)\  phc 
its  sel: 
from  t 
turc  t( 
oucc' 
places 
solute 
meani 
ins>'  in 
Clmrli 
nati,  1 
on  a  \. 
mark 
mark 
namos 


*iMil 
tMa: 


ON  TIIK  COMPOSITION  OF 


INDIAN  (;k()(;haimii('al  names. 


A  Pi{(»pi:ii  NAMic  lias  Ik'011  (lofmcd  to  bo  "  a  more  mark  put 
upon  an  inilividual,  ami  ol' Avliioli  it  is  the  clianiotoristic  prop- 
erty to  br  (h'xtifiifc  of  inenniii!/.'"*  W  we  aeoopt  this  dcfmi- 
tion,  it  lollows  tliat  tliofo  are  no  propiT  names  in  the  aborigi- 
nal lanjiua.u'es  of  America.  p]vory  Indian  synthesis — names 
of  j)ersons  and  i)lacos  not  oxcopfed — nnist  "preserve  the  con- 
sciousness of  its  roots,"  and  nnist  not  only  have  a  meaning 
but  1)0  so  framed  as  to  convey  that  meaning  with  ]trecision,  to 
all  who  speak  the  language  to  which  it  belongs.  Whenever, 
by  jthonetic  corruption  or  l)y  change  of  circumstance,  it  loses 
its  self-interpreting  or  solf-deliniiig  power,  it  nuist  lie  discarded 
from  the  language.  '-It  lecjuii'es  tradition,  society,  and  litera- 
ture to  maintain  forms  which  can  no  longer  l)o  analyzed  at 
ouce."t  In  our  own  language,  such  forms  may  hold  their 
places  by  prescriptive  right  or  force  of  custom,  and  names  ab- 
solutely unmeaning,  or  applied  without  regard  to  their  original 
meaning,  are  accepted  by  conunon  consent  as  the  distinguish- 
ing uuirks  of  persons  and  places.  Wo  call  a  man  William  or 
Charles,  .lones  or  Jh-own, — or  a  town,  Now  LeI)anon,  Cincin- 
nati, Baton  Rongo,  or  IJig  Bethel — ;iust  as  wo  put  a  number 
on  a  policeman's  I)adge  or  on  a  post-ottice  box,  or  a  trado- 
uuirk  on  an  article  of  merchandise  ;  and  the  number  and  the 
mark  are  as  truly  and  in  nearly  the  same  sense  projjor 
names  as  \hv  oliiers  are. 


*  Jlill's  Lojric,  n.  I.  cli.  viii. 

fMax  Mtillcr,  Science  of  I^anguage,  (1st  Scries,)  p.  •J!)2. 


THIO    COMPOSITION    or 


f; 


Not  thai  |M'rsoiiul  or  pi'o|i('i-  iiiiiiu's.  in  iiiiy  liiii^iuiiii'c  wcfo 
on'i/iu<i/h/  iiK'iT  ai'liili'iiry  sounds,  (|<'voi(l  ol"  nu'!inin<i'.  'I'lu' 
first  tiaiuos  or  tlic  lirst  IJrown  conld,  donlitlcss,  have  jiivcn 
as  good  a  reason  lor  his  name  as  the  lirst  Aliraliani.  lint 
changes  of  hingnagc;  and  lapse  of  finie  made  the  iianies  inde- 
pendent of  the  reasons,  and  look  from  them  all  their  signifi- 
cance. Patrick  is  not  now,  <'o  nomine,  a  '  patrician  ;'  Ihidget 
is  not  necessarily  '  sti'ong' or  *■  hright  ;'  and  in  the  name  of 
Mary,  hallowed  hy  its  associations,  only  tlie  etymologist  can 
detect  the  primitive  '  l)itterness.'  Boston  is  no  longer  '  St. 
Hotolph's  Town;'  there  is  no  'Castle  of  liie  inhaliitants  of 
Hwiccia'  {Jlivic-irara-<-eu.stey')  to  he  seen  at  AVorcester  :  and 
Hartford  is  neither  '  the  lord  of  harts,'  (which  the  city  seal 
lias  made  it,)  noi- '  the  red  ford,'  which  its  name  once  indi- 
cated. 

In  the  same  way,  many  Indian  geographical  names,  after 
their  adoption  by  Angio-Amei'ican  colonists,  liecame  unmean- 
ing sounds.  Their  original  character  was  lost  hy  their  trans- 
fer to  a  foreign  tongue.  Nearly  all  luive  suflL'red  some  muti- 
lation or  change  of  form.  In  many  instances,  hardly  a  trace 
of  the  original  can  he  detected  in  the  modern  name.  Some 
have  hcen  se])arated  from  the  localities  to  which  they  he- 
longed,  and  assigned  to  others  to  which  they  are  etymologi- 
cally  inappropriate.  A  mountain  receives  the  name  of  a  river  ; 
a  bay,  that  of  a  cai)e  or  a  peninsnla  ;  a  tract  of  lan<l,  that  of  a 
rock  or  a  waterfall.  And  so  '  Massac'husetts'  and  '  Comiecti- 
cut' and  '  Narragansett'  have  come  to  \w  prcpcr  naiiics,i\ii 
truly  as  'Boston'  and  'Hartford'  are  in  their  cis-Atiantic 
appropriation. 

The  Indian  languages  tolerated  no  such  '  mere  marks.' 
Every  name  described  the  locality  to  which  it  was  allixeil. 
The  description  was  sometimes  UqHu/raphiad ;  sometimes  his- 
torical, preserving  the  memory  of  a  battle,  a  feast,  the  dwell- 
ing-place of  a  great  sachem,  or  the  like  ;  si^netimcs  it  '  di- 
cated  one  of  the  natural  jrrodiicfs  of  the  place,  or  the  ani)iials 
which  resorted  to  it ;  occasionally,  its  position  or  dinction 
frt)m  a  place  previously  known,  or  from  the  territory  of  the 


INHIAN    (IKl)(;i;.\rill(Al.    NAMKS. 


iiiitioii  liv  wliicli  llic  iiaiuc  was  nivcii. — as  for  ('.\aiii|il(',  '  tlif 
land  oil  till'  otlicr  sidi;  of  tlic  rivi-r,'  '  lichiiid  tlif  iiioiiiiluiii,' 
*  llic  cast  land.' •  tli(3  liulf-Wiiy  place,'  i^-c.  'J'lic  same  name 
ini.u'lit  bo,  ill  fact  it  very  often  was,  tiivcn  to  more  places  than 
one  ;  hut  these  must  not  l)e  so  near  loucther  that  mistakes  or 
doidtts  could  l)e  occasioned  l)y  the  repetition.  With  this  pre- 
caution, there  was  no  reason  why  lliere  miulit  not  \h-  as  many 
MJreat  Rivers.'  '  Jieuds.*  '  Foi-ks."  and  '  Water-fall  places"  as 
tiiere  arc  AVashinjitons,  Fi'ank'lins,  I'nions,  and  Kairphiys  in 
the  list  of  American  iiost-oHices. 

With  few  exccp'.ions,  the  structure  of  these  names  is  sim- 
ple.    Ncai'ly  all  may  he  I'eferred  to  one  of  three  classes  : 

I.  Tlios(^  foi'uied  hy  the  union  of  two  elements,  which  we 
will  call  (iLlJt'iilvitl  and  sifhshoilirul  :*  with  or  without  a  loca- 
tive .suffix  01'  post-position  uieaninu'  'at,  *in.'  "  liy."  •near.' 
A-c. 

J  I.  TIkjsc  which  have  a  sinule  element,  the  sii/>.s/<iH(ir(tl 
or  •  li'round-word,'  with  its  locative  suflix. 

111.  Those  Ibi'iued  IVom  verlis,  as  parlicipials  or  verlial 
nouns,  <lenolinu'a  /ilacc  /r7/(;n;  the  action  of  the  verh  is  per- 
formed. To  this  class  helouLi',  lor  example,  such  names  as 
Mushnuwoiiitilc  (l>ostoii).  '  where  theru  is  goini:-liy-l)oat.'  /.  c, 
a  ferry,  or  caiioe-crossiiiii'.  ,Mosi  of  tlu'se  names,  however. 
may  he  shown  hy  riuid  analysis  to  ijclonu'  to  one  of  the  two 
preceding  classi's,  which  com[)rise  at  least  lune-tenths  (jf  all 
Algonkin  local  names  wliich  have  lieeu  pi'cservcd. 


4 


%' 

i':< 


The  examj)les   1   shall  give  ol'  these  tlu'ce  classes,  will  he 
taken  Irom  Algoukiu  lauguagt-s ;  chielly  from  the  31assacliu- 


*TliL'si'  terms,  thon^iU  not  strictly  MjiproiiriMtc  to  Iiuliaii  syniliois,  arc 
siitlit'ii'Utly  explicit  tor  the  [mrposes  of  this  jnipcr.  Tliey  arc  liiinii\vc(| 
from  llie  author  of  "  Wonlsaml  Places"  (the  llev.  Isaac  Taylor),  wlm  has 
eiuployeil  them  ("Jil  eil.,  ]).  Kio)  as  ecpiivalents  of  Fursteiiiaim's  ••  Hcstim- 
iiuiiigswort  "  and  ■•  (iruiidwort,"  ( Die  (hidschcn  Ortsimmi'.n.  Noi-tiliaiisen, 
I.SO.'J,  pj).  ■>{'> — 1(»7,  1011 — 17-1).  In  Jnilian  names,  the  "  Hestiminuiigsworl  " 
sometimes  corrt'spmids  to  the  jji^lisli  adjective — sninetiiiie>  to  a  noun 
substantive — l)ut  is  m(jre  generally  an  mlrerh. 


|t> 


6 


Tin;  roMi'OPnioN  op 


setts  or  NatU'k   (wliii-li  wms  siil)s|!mtiiilly  tlic  siiiiic  iis  lliiit 

spoken  liy  tlio  Nari'ii^'iinsett.s  iiiiil  Coiinccticiit  Imliiiiis),  (lie 

Altiiiiki,   tlio    liCiiiii-FjciiApc  til-    Dcliiwiirc,   llic  ('liippcwa.  or 
()iili\vii,v,  iiiid  till'  KiiistciKt  or  ("roe.* 

Of  luuiios  of  the  Jirsf  chiss,  in  eential  and  southern  New 
Knji'himl,  some  of  the  more  eonimon  siihstantival  components 
or  '  gntund-wonls'  are  tliose  which  denote  JmhU  or  t'i>iotlrif, 
Hirer,  Wati i\  Lah'  or  J\>nd,  Fi'x/tliii/-/>/iice,  Ji'oo/c,  Muuntain, 
JiicldKiirc,  and  IshiniL 

1.  The  Massut.'hnsetts  OHKK  {^iwv.  ni'ike  ;  I)elaware, /ir/r'/r/ ; 
Chip.  (Mr  :  Aljnaki, '/«';)  sij^'nifies  land,  and  in  h»eal  names, 
Pi.ACK  or  coi'NTliY.  Tlie  llnal  \owel  is  sometimes  lost  in  eom- 
))(jsilion.  Witli  tlie  locative  sufllx.  it  lii'Cdmcs  ohkit  (Del. 
Imr/cliii/ :  t'iiip.  ii/i/cl"  ;  Aim.  kik  ;)  nt  or  in  a  phiee  or  country. 

To  the  Xarragansetts  proper,  the  country  east  of  Narra^'an- 
sett  Hay  and  Providence  l?iver  was  ira"i>im-aiike,  '  east  land  ;' 
and  its  peoplt;  were  called  liy  the  Dutch  explorers,  Wajicnokis, 
and  \>y  tlie  Kuii'lish,  Wdin/mnixii/s.  The  trihes  of  the  upper 
St.  iiawrence  tauuht  the  French,  and  trihes  south  of  the  I'is- 


*  It  li;is  mil  lict'ii  lli(iii;ilit  iulvisiihlc  to  ;i(ti'iii|it  tlic  reduction  oC  words 
or  iiMiiH's  t:dii'ii  li-oiii  dilliTciit  Iiiii!:iiii;;l's  lo  ii  unilonii  ortlioiiriipliv.  AVlien 
no  Miillioiilius  Mil'  iiiiiiu'd,  it  iiimv  lie  iiiidi.'1'stoiid  tliiil  tliu  ^Massacliusetts 
words  nil!  lakcii  I'ldiii  KiiotV  n':m<latioii  of  tlii'  IJiiiic,  or  from  his  Indian 
(ii'Mimiiar;  tin-  N'arrai;niisctt,  from  lioj^cr  AViliiams"s  Indian  Key,  and  his 
pnlilisln'ii  letters;  ilie  Alinaki,  from  llie  Dictionary  of  Ualc  (I{asli's), 
edited  liy  Dr.  I'iekerinu';  the  Delaware,  from  Zeislierner's  A'ocaliulary  anil 
Ids  (irammai':  tlie  ('lii]i|iewa.  from  Selioolcralt  (iSidi.),  Iiaraj;a's  Diction- 
ary ami  (iranimar  (l'>.),  and  lliu  Spelline-  Hooks  publislied  by  the  Ameri- 
can Hoard  of  Commissioners  of  Foreign  Missions;  anil  the  Cree,  from 
Ilowse's  (iranimar  of  that  lan^iinii'e. 

The  ch;iracler  r/*  (win'Ibod;'  win  '  A\'al)ash,' '  \\'isconsiir),  used  by 
Eliot,  has  iiecii  suiistitiited  in  Abnaki  words  for  the  Greek  ii  of  Rale  and 
the  Jesuit  missionaries,  and  for  the  iTi  of  Campanius.  A  small  "  placed 
above  the  line,  shows  that  the  vowel  which  it  t'ollows  is  iiasal, — and  re- 
places the  ii  emploved  for  the  same  purj)ose  by  Kale,  and  the  short  line  or 
dash  jdaced  under  a  vowel,  in  l'ickerinj;"s  aljihabet. 

In  Kliot's  notation,  oh  usually  represents  the  sound  of  o  in  i»ykr  and  in 
j'lirm, — that  of  broad  u;  but  sometimes  it  stands  lor  short  <i,  as  in  )iol. 


INDIAN    (;i;nnRAPHI('AL    NAMKS.  7 

Ciita(|Uii  tiui<>lil,  IIk;  Kiitilisli,  to  ^ivo  tlir  luinic  of  I'liist-lnmlcrs 
— A/iitiaifiilx,  or  A/ilmi/ns — to  the  linliiiiis  oj"  Miiiin!.  'I'lic 
coiintiT  of  the  Dt'liiwiircs  wiis  '  oast  land,'  \V<(/><ni'ir/i/ii\  to 
Al^'oiikiii  iiatiniis  of  tlio  west. 

The  '  Vhdwn'onock,^  or  '  C/iairniiofkr,'  ol"  ('apt.  .loliii  Siiiitli. 
— on  what  is  now  known  as  Cliowan  irivoi-,  in  \'ir<iinia  and 
Noi'tli  Carolina, — was,  to  tlu;  i'owhattans  and  other  Viruiniaii 
trilies,  the  '  sf)uth  country,"  or  suwan-ohke,  as  Kliol  wrote; 
it,  in  f«en.  xxiv.  iVl. 

With  tht;  adjectival  xiick!,  "dark-colored,"  '  hhu'kish,"  w(! 
!iave  th(!  al)ori,u'inal  name  of  the  South  Meadow  in  Jlartford, 
— Kiic/cl-ohke,  (written  Sicciionk,  Sitckutncj,  ttc. ).  '  Whiek  earth.' 

Wiis/coirha)i(ni-aiik-lf.''n\  the  pijicon  country,'  was  tiic  name 
(as  ji;iveii  liy  lloi-'er  Williams)  of  a  "'  place  where  these  fowl 
hrcctl  ahundantly," — in  the  northern  part  of  the  Nipmnck 
country  (now  in  Worcester  county,  Mass.). 

''  Kiskatruiunakook,^  the  name  of  a  brook  (l)ut  originally,  of 
some  locality  near  the  l)rook)  in  Catskill,  N.  V.,*  is  kiskato- 
ml iiafc-tnih', '' [Aiivii  of  thin-slMdled  nuts"  (or  sha<.^-bark  hick- 
ory nuts), 

2.  RiVKit.  Si'lp  or  i^e/Jii  (Del.  xt/>o  ;  ('hi|i.  x/'pc  ;  Al)n. 
nijxn  ;)  the  Alg'oidcin  word  for  '  river'  is  dei'ived  from  a  root 
that  means  '  stretched  out,' '  extended,'  '  ])eeome  long','  and 
corresponds  nearly  tct  the  English  '  stream.'  This  word  rarely, 
if  ever,  enters  into  the  coni[)osition  of  local  names,  and,  so 
far  as  I  know,  it  does  not  make  a  pai't  of  the  nana;  of  any 
river  in  New  England.  Mixxlssiiipi  is  mixsi-dpH,  *•  great 
river;'  KUclii-Kipi,  'chief  river'  or  'greatest  river,'  was  the 
Montag'uais  name  of  the  St.  Lawrence  ;t  and  Misti'-xhipii  is 
their  modern  name  for  the  Moisc  or  'Great  River'  which 
flows  from  the  lakes  of  the  Labrador  peninsula  into  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence. J 

*Doc.  Hist,  of  New  York  (4to),  vol.  iii.  p.  65tJ. 

fJesuit  llclations,  16.^3,  lG3ti,  1610. 

%  Hind's  Exploration  of  Labrador,  i.  9,  32. 


!i 


TIIK  <'OMI'nsiri()N   i»|' 


Nriir  ilir  Atliititii-  snUMiitnl,  ilii>  musl  ('Dtiiiiiun  Milistnntivnl 
r()in|Miiu'iil.s  (if  river  ii;imcs  ;iic  (  I)  -Ink  :iiiil  ('J)  -/uinih\ -Imn, 
nv -/niini.  Ncitlicr  (if  llicsr  is  iin  iiiili'|ii'iii|i'iit  wmd.  'I'licy 
iii't'  iii-i'|(;iriilp|('  iKMiiis-'ji'iii'iif,  ui-  ijciicrif  iillixcs. 

-TUK  (.Mm.  -fri/ii>r  ;  Mel.  -ilhi/r:)  (Iriiutcs  it  river  wlinsc 
wiitcrs  iirc  (Irivfii  ///  /nirfs,  liy  tiilrs  or  uiiid.  It  is  ruiiiiil  ill 
iiiiiucs  III"  lidal  rivers  iiml  esdiiirics  ;  less  rrei|iieiilly,  in  names 
i\\'  broad  iiHil  deep  >^i\vi[ii\A,  ]u>{  iil'leeled  liy  tides.  Witli  llie 
iidjectiviil  jiilsui,  'jirent.'  it  I'ornis  iiiisxi-tii/c,  —  now  written 
Mi/niif, — the  name  i>i'  Mlie  ureat  river'  of  Mostmi  liuy,  and  of 
anotjier  widc-niontlied  tidal  river  in  tlic  l'oi|not  eonntry,  wliieli 
now  divides  llu;  towns  of  Stoiiini:ion  and  (Jrolon. 

Near  tlie  eastern  lioundary  of  tiie  l'ei|iiot  eountiw,  was  the 
river  which  the  Narrauanselts  called  l\i'iiiat-tuli\  sonu'tinics 
written  /'iiijihfDfk,  now  P'lirtuifiii'/c,  '  l'e(|not  river.' — the  pres- 
ent eastern  hoimdai'v  of  (,'onnecticnt.  .\nother  adjectival 
prefix.  /)i>h/,l  or  /i<i/i/:i!,  ■  pMre.'  'clear,'  found  in  the  name  of 
several  tiilal  sti-eanis.  is  hardly  disfinjiuishalile  from  tlio 
forinei',  in  the  modern  forms  of  Piiiuilofh\  /'aiicftin'/c,  iSic. 

'JiiIhiu-IiiIc  is  the  •  lon^'  I itlal-rivei'."  With  the  locative  alVix, 
(^>i(lnni-tii/i-i(l,  'on  lonj;'  river.' — now  <  '(iiniriitriil, — was  the 
nanio  of  the  valley,  or  lands  lioth  sides  of  the  river.  In  one 
early  deed  (ItiotJ),  I  Iiml  the  name  written  <Jin'iu'li(cqiirf ;  in 
another,  of  the  same  year,  (JnoUlciilt.  Rouei'  Willianis 
(ltl4:i)  has  (Juniiihllciit,  and  calls  the  Indians  of  this  region 
(Jiiiiitik-d'ic/,\  i.e.  •the  lonii'  river  people.'  'i'he  (•  in  the 
.soooiul  syllal)le  of  the  nutdern  name  has  no  hiisiiuiss  there, 
and  it  is  diflicnlt  to  find  a  reason  for  its  iiitrusioii, 

'  Lenapewih'ittiiflc"  was  the  Delaware  nanu!  of  '  the  river  of 
the  Lenape.'  and  '  Mo/tli'toiniUnck,'  of  '  tlie  river  of  the  Mo- 
liieans'  (Hudson  lliver)." 

Of  Pawtucki't  and  /'tn('fii.ret,  tlu;  eonipusition  is  less  ohvi- 
uns ;  hut  we  have  reliahle  Indian  testimony  that  these  names 
mean,   respectivtdy,  'at    the   tails'    and   'at  the   little  falls.' 


I' 


* Ileekewilder'.s  Ilistoiitnl  iiccount,  &e.,  p.  JKl.     He  was  mistakfii  in 
translating  ''tlic  word  hiliin-l,-."  l>y  -'a  rajpid  stream." 


INDIAN   CKuCltAlMIICAL   NAMES. 


9 


l'ci|inii  :iii(|  NiirniuiiiiNcll  iiilcr|iirtcis,  in  |tl7'.".  (Icchu'cd  tlml 
llliii'kstoiic'.s  Uivcr.  uiiH  •' I'lillfil  ill  Imliaii  /'niifnrk  (  wliicli 
sijiiiilics.  ii  l''iill),  Itcfiiust!  lln'ir  til*'  IVi'sli  Wiitcr  lulls  iiitu  the 
Mill  uiifci'."*  Sii,  the  ii|i|n'r  I'lills  uf  the  (^iiiiicl)iiiiLi'  i'i\»'i'  (at 
I^aulclsiiiivilli',  ("((iiii.)  were  called  ^'  l'nirnhic/,\  uliicli  is  n 
^•('licl'iil  iiaiiic  I'or  all  Kails,"  as  liuliiiiis  ol'  llial  ii'uinii  tcs- 
tiric{l.|-  'riii'iT  was  aiKttlirr  I'aiitiickct,  '  at  tlic  falls '  dl'  the 
Mcri'iiiiac  (iHiw  iidwcll):  ami  aiidtlior  on  Wcsllirlil  llivcr, 
Mass.  P<iiii.ii.ii t,  \.i'.  jniii't-lii/,--rfi-lf,  is  the  i'i'u:iilarlv  lurimMl 
(liiniimtivc  ul"  jxnil-hi/c-ll.  '\lw  villiijic  of  I'awtuxct,  four 
miles  south  of  I'ldvidfiu'c.  U.  I.,  is  "at  the  little  falls"  of  the 
river  to  wliidi  tlieir  name  lias  lieeii  lian^ferreil.  Tlie  lirst  set- 
tlers ol'  IMvinoulli  were  inforiued  liv  Sanioset,  that  the  |»hu'0 
whieli  they  had  ehoseii  for  their  plantation  was  called  '  /V/- 
(ii.nf,'  —  prolialilv  liecause  of  some  'little  falls"  on  Town 
JJrook.J  Thi'i'"'  was  another  •  raiituxet.' or  •  I'owtiixet,' ou 
the  Quiiu'liauti',  nl  the  lower  falls:  and  a  river  "Patuxct' 
(I'atuxent),  in  .NraiTlaiid.  The  s;iiue  name  is  ingcuioiisly 
disiiiiised  l>y  Campaniiis,  as  •  /'(niiti/iirxniii;/,''  which  ho  men- 
tions as  one  ol'  the  principal  towns  of  the  Indians  on  tho 
Delaware,  just  helow  the  lower  falls  of  that  river  at  Tri.'iilon  ; 
and  '  I'outaxiit '  was  understood  hy  the  Swedes  to  he  the 
Indian  name  both  of  the  river  and  l»ay.§  The  adjectival 
jxtii'l-  or  /xiHut-  seems  to  he  derived  from  a  root  meaning 
'  to  make  a  loud  noise.'  It  is  found  in  many,  perhaps  in  all 
Alfi'onkin  lunguaues.  '  J\in'aliii</,'  as  Schoolcraft  wrote  it, 
was  the  Chippewa  name  of  the  Sault  Sto.  Mario,  or  Falls  of 
St.  ^^avy"s  River, — pronounced  /mi'i-dl-hiij',  or  /ndi-dl-ii",  the 
last  syllable  represontinii'  tin;  locative  aflix, — "at  the  Falls." 


*C(il.  Records  of  Connccticat,  ir.77— HO,  p.  27.'j. 

t  Chandler's  Survej-  of  the  Molu';.'a!i  cuimtiy,  170."i. 

JScc  Mourt's  Relation,  Dcxter's  edition,  j))).  HI,  !•!,  !)!».  Misled  l)\  a 
form  (if  tliis  name,  PaknLosi,  j^iven  in  the  Ajtpcndix  to  Savage's  Winthrop 
(ii.  478)  iind  elsewhere,  1  sugfiested  to  Dr.  De.\ter  another  derivation. 
See  his  note  21)7,  to  ISIoiirt,  p.  H4. 

JjDcscrii).  of  New  Sweden,  b.  ii.  cli.  1,  2;  Frond's  Hist,  of  Peinisvlva- 
nia,  ii.  2.")2. 


it     '■ ' 


10 


TIIK    COMPOSITION    OF 


The  siunc  name  is  Iniiiid  in  Viruinia.  uiidcr  a  disiiiiisc  which 
has  hith(M'to  pi'ovcntccl  its  rocouiiilioii.  ("a;)t.  .lohii  Smith 
informs  us  that  tlie  •*  place  of  wliicii  their  threat  Emperor 
talvcth  his  name"  of  /'oir/iofiiii,  or  Pdiiuilav,  was  near  •■  the 
Falls"  of  .lames  River,*  where  is  now  the  city  of  llichmond. 
'  I'owatan"  is  paiint-luDnie,  or  ■  falls  on  a.  rapid  stream.' 

Acdicmr  ov  ()i/k'))iir  (Chip.  ci(/(i)iu' :  .Mm.  i((ja"ni! ;  I)e!.  df/ii/n- 
iiicii  ;")  means  'on  the  other  side,*  •  over  aiiainst."  ■  lieyoiid.' 
.\s  an  adjectival,  it  is  found  in  Ai-mrni-KHhi'^  the  modern 
'  Afcomac,'  a  peninsula  east  of  Chesapeake  l!ay,  which  was 
'other-side  laiul'  to  tli(;  I'owhiitaus  of  \'ir^iiiia.  The  site 
of  i'lymouth,  Mass,  was  called  '  .Vccomack'  liy  ('apt.  John 
Smith, — a  name  uiven  not  l)y  the  huliaiis  who  occupied  it 
hut  hy  those,  [)rolialily.  who  lived  farthci' north,  "on  the  other 
side"  of  I'lymouth  Hay.  The  coiiidries  of  Kurope  were  callecl 
•other-side  lauds,' — Narr.  afdirincn-uitki :  Aim.  (('/('"iiKii-diki. 
With  -tiik,  it  forms  iicainiicn-tiih  (Al)ri.  (i^-(i"iin'n-ti'(i(i>'),  •  other- 
side  river.'  or,  its  diminutive,  afawiuen-ink-fa  ( Ahn.  ai/(i"iii(')i- 
tegon'ssiii'),  '  the  small  other-side  river," — a  name  first  tiiven 
(as  AiiamenticiiH  or  Aeconu'iitifiix')  to  York,  Me.,  from  the 
'  snuill  tidal-river  hcyond'  the  I'lscataqua,  on  which  that 
town  Mas  planted. 

Pe^kt'-tuk  (Ahn.  pexkr-lc^j.-mr')  denotes  a  '  uavV/rJ  river,'  or 
a  river  which  another  f/cKroa.  \t  is  not  ij,'enerally  (if  ever) 
apjdied  to  one  of  the  'forks'  which  unite  to  form  the  main 
stream,  Itut  to  some  consideralile  trihutary  received  hy  the 
main  stream,  or  to  the  divisi<m  of  the  stream  liy  some  oh- 
stacle,  near  its  mouth,  whitdi  makes  of  it  a  '  douhle  I'ivjr.' 
'  Tlie  primary  meaning  of  the  (adjectival)  root  is  '  to  divide  in 
two,'  and  the  secondary,  •  to  s[)lit,'  •  to  divide  J'orri/i/i/,  or  <ih- 
nipth/.'  These  shades  of  meaning  are  not  likely  to  l)e  de- 
tected under  the  disguises  in  which  river-names  come  down 

*"Triic  Relation  of  Viri;iiii;i,"  iV.  (l)i.'aiii.''s  edition.  Boston,  ISdll).  p. 
7.  On  Smith's  map,  1  GOG,  th(>  •  King's  bonsc,' at  •y^'fc/id^o?,' is  marked 
just  below  "The  Fales"  on  •  Powhatan  jlu:'  or  James  River. 


■Hi 


INUJAN    UKtKiliAlMllCAl,    NA.MKS. 


11 


to  o\\\'  time.  Rale  trnuslatcs  ne-iicukr,  "Jc  vjis  clans  le  ehciuiu 
qui  t'li  coupe  nil  iiiitro  :"  pcshnliakinn,  "  hniiiclic." 

/'isculu'iitrt.  I'iis('iitii(|iia.  iVi'..  rciti'csciit  tlic  Aim.  /tetikr- 
te(/(iir,  '  (lividcil  tidal-riviT.'  Tlic  wonl  lor  'jilacc'  (ohkc, 
Aliii.  7"/.)  Ix'iiij:'  aildctl.  uives  the  I'oriu  PtnaitcujHak  ov  -qnnij. 
Tiiorc  is  aiiotlier  Pixcaiaiiutji.  in  X(?w  Jersey, — not  far  below 
tlio  Jiiiiciioii  of  the  north  and  south  lnaiiehes  ol"  the  Raritan, 
— and  a  Piscataway  river  in  Maryland,  which  empties  into 
the  Potomac;  a  /'/'scd/ai/uo;/  rivt!r,  triliiitary  to  the  Merrimae, 
in  New  Hampshire  ;  a  I'isi-ntaiiiiis  (diminutive)  in  Maiiio, 
which  eiP])ties  into  the  iViiohscot.  PuxiiKotank,  the  name  of 
an  arm  of  Alhcniarle  Sound  and  of  a  small  river  which  Hows 
into  it.  in  Moilli  Carolina,  has  prolial)ly  the  same  origin. 

The  adjectival  jn'xkr,  nv  /tiskr,  is  found  in  many  other  com- 
pound names  liesides  those  which  are  formed  with  -Ivk  or 
-/iiiuiic:  as  in  Pa.scodi^-,  for  pcxkr-((iiki\  in  liurrilviilc,  R.  L, 
'  the  diviirni<!,'  [ilace"  ol'  two  liraiiclies  of  lUackstone's  River; 
and  J^c^tiiiaw.seuf,  in  South  Ivin^ston,  R.  1.,  which  (if  the 
name  is  rightly  given)  is  '•  at  the  tlivided  (or  cleft)  rock," — 
/i('.ykr-oiiii>sk-iif. — perhajis  souk;  ancient  laiul-mark,  on  or  near 
the  margin  of  Wordeu's  Pond. 

Noeit-liik  (ydd/ififk.  Eliot),  '  in  the  middle  of  the  river,' 
may  lie,  as  Mr.  .ludd*  and  others  have  suj)posed,  the  name 
which  has  been  variously  corrnpred  to  Norwottock,  Nonotack, 
Noatucke.  Nawottok,  A'c.  If  so,  it  probably  belonged,  origi- 
nally to  one  of  the  necks  or  peninsulas  of  meadow,  near 
Northampton,  —  such  as  that  at  riockanum,  whiidi,  by  a 
change  in  the  ciair^e  of  the  river  at  that  point,  has  now  be- 
come an  island. 

Tctunirt  or  Tiliciif.  which  passes  for  the  Indian  name  of 
Taunton,  and  of  a.  lishiim'  place  ou  Taunton  River  in  the 
iioi'th-west  part  of  ]\liddleboroiigh,  .Mass.,  shows  how  ellecl- 
ually  such  names  may  be  disguised  i)y  phonetic  corruption 
and  mutilation.  K</ilc-/iik-iit  (or  as  Eliot  wrote  it  in  (Jencsis 
\v.  is,  Kehlci/tfiih/iil)  means  '  on  the  great  river.'      In  the 


•^  ilistcirv  (.r  II:i(ll('v.  up.  li'l.  V>-Jt. 


^1 


12 


THK   COMI'OSmoN    (l|.' 


\At}" 


li 


•^' 


Plynioutli  Colony  Records  \\v  timl  tlio  tonus''  CdiilfdlculC 
and  '  Cofcticntt,''  and  olscwlu'i'c,  Kditrlitioit. — the  hitter,  in 
l(.i!i<S,  as  ilie  name  of  a  place  on  the  <ireat  rivei',  "  lietween 
Taunton  and  Bridgewater."  Ileiiee.  ' 'IVji'hlaeutt,"  '  T(!ii>iita- 
<|ui(l,'  •  'rcti(|uet,  A-e.* 

(2).  The  other  substantival  eoni|»onen(  of  I'ivei'-nauies. 
-HANNB  or  -MAN  (Abu.  -ts(ii<i"n  or  -Ui"n  ;  Mass.  -Irhintii  :')  de- 
notes 'a  rapid  stream'  or  'current;'  prinuirily,  '•fiowinu' 
water."  In  tlie  ^lassachusclts  and  Altnaki.  it  occurs  in  such 
compounds  as  (inii-tchiKni  (Aim.  r//-/'/-'"/;*/"//).  '  it  "/"cr-flows  :" 
ki(i^x!-tchii((ii  (Abu.  kcxIUsfiKi")!),  *  it  mriff  flows."  itc. 

In  Pennsylvania  and  Viru'inia.  where  the  streams  whicdi 
rise  in  the  hitiiilamls  How  down  rapidly  descendinu'  slopes, 
-haiuir  is  more  couuuou  than  -ttik  or  xi'fni  in  river  names. 
Kcht-hanm'  (kltttin.,  Zeisb.  ;  kithannv,  JJkw.)  was  a  name 
given  to  the  [)(daware  lliver  as  "the  pi'inci|)al  or  greatest 
stream"  of  that  reuion  :  and  ipy  the  western  l)(dawares,  to  the 
Ohio.f  With  the  locative  termination,  h'ift<nniliii/  (Penn.) 
is  a  jdace  'on  the  u'rcati'st  stream."  The  Schuylkill  was 
Ganshmr-hannf"',  '  noisy  stream  :"  the  Lackawanna.  Lcc/iaii- 
hannr,  'forked  stivam "  or  '  stream  that  forks  :'J  with  aflix, 
Leclnniliannak  or  LcclKum'altamiak,  'at  the  river-fork," — for 
which  Ileiidrick  Aupanuit,  a  Mnhhekan,  wrote  (with  dialec- 
tic I'xcluiuiie  of  /i  for  Delaware/)  '•  Naukhiimrhnaiik,''  'The 
Forks"  of  the  jMiami.§  'I'he  same  name  is  found  in  New  En<>- 
land,  disguised  as  Xewichawanock,  Xuchawanack,  &c.,  as 
near  J^erwick.  ^le.,  •  at  the  fork"  or  eoufluence  of  Cocheco 
and  Salmon  Fall  rivers.  —  tlie  '  Xe'/hcc/iriranck'  of  Wood's 
Mai)  (l'''-'0-  Pmclialiin,  lor  Pi(i(af-h(tnne,  'at  the  Falls  on 
a  rapid  stream,'  has  been  ju'eviously  noticed. 

Allcg'Jtdin/,  oi'  as  some  prefer  to  write  it,  Alleght'uy. — the 
Algonkin  name  of  the  Ohio  Rivei',  bnt    now  resti'ictcd  to  one 


*  Sl'c  Ilisl.  ^^l^'Mzill(',  \(il.  iii.  p.  IS. 

t  lIcckewt'liliT.  (Ill  biiliaii  iiniiics.  in  'I'nms.  Am.  I'liil.  Sue.  vdI.  iv. 

+  Ilml. 

ijNarrativt',  i^c.  in  INIrni.  Mist.  Suciciv  nt'  I'cnnsvlvMniM.  vdl.  ii.  p.  !)7. 


INDIAN    rrKOGUAPIIK'AL    NAMKS. 


1:5 


of  its  bi'iinclios,  —  is  |H'ol)iilily  (Dclawai'L')  nrl/tlk-hnnnr  or 
(nlik-hdtiiir,  '  the  host  (or,  tiic  lairest )  livci-."  Wclhilc  (as 
Zcislu'r^cr  wroto  it)*  is  tlio  iiiaiiiniiitc  t'orni  (if  tii(>  adjectival, 
meaning'  '  l)est,'  'most  licautirul.'  In  liis  Vocal  mlarv, /eis- 
herger  gave  this  synthesis,  with  slight  change  of  oi'thograiihy, 
as  "  Wiiluvh'neu''  [or  (uhikluDincdi,  as  Eliot  wmild  have  writ- 
ten it.]  with  the  IVee  translation,  "  ((  thif  Ulrtr.  withont 
Falls.''  The  name  was  indeed  more  likely  In  lielong  to  rivers 
'witliout  tails'  or  other  olistruction  to  the  passage  nf  canoes, 
hnt  its  literal  meaning  is,  as  its  composition  shows,  "  l)est 
rapid-sti'eam,"  or  "  linest  rajtid-stream  ;"  "  La  lUdle  Riviere" 
ol'  the  French,  and  the  Om'-fjo'  or  (J  Jict'  ijo  (u'i-luin'-da^ 
"  good  river"  or  "  the  heautil'nl  river,"  of  the  Senecas.f  For 
this  translation  of  tlie  name  we  have  veiy  respectable  author- 
ity,— that  of  (Christian  Frederick  Cost,  a  Moravian  (tf  Penn- 
sylvania, who  lived  seventeen  years  with  the  Mnhhekan 
Indians  and  was  twice  married  among  them,  and  whose 
knowledge  of  the  Indian  langnages  enal)led  him  to  render 
important  services  to  the  colony,  as  a  negotiator  with  the 
Delawares  and  Shawanese  of  the  Ohio,  in  the  French  war. 
In  liis  ".I(/nrnal  from  l'liiladel[ihia  to  the  Ohio"  in  IToS.J 
after  mention  of  the  'AUeghenny'  river,  he  says  :  ''The  Ohio, 
as  it  is  called  liy  the  Sennecas.  AllcgJu'imi/  is  the  name  of  the 
same  river  in  the  Delaware  langnage.  Jioth  ivords  sijnify 
the  line  or  fair  river.''  La  ^Metairie,  the  notary  of  La  Salle's 
exj)edition.  "  calls  the  Ohio,  the  Oliyhinsipoii,  or  Ahy/iin;  evi- 
dently an  Algonkin  name," — as  Dr.  Shea  remarks. §     llccko- 

*  Graniinar  of  llic  Li'imi-Lunape,  traiisl.  in  I")iij)(inceaii,  p.  13.  ••  II'»/(7, 
jiooii."    ''  W'eisi/  (mast',  and  f'oiii.),  tlio  best."    "  [iiaiiiiiiate,  Wdhih,  lii'st." 

f  Morjran's  LeaifiR'  nf  tlu;  Irii(|iii)is,  p.  l.'iii. 

f  Piil)lislH'(l  ill  i,()ii(li)n,  17.">lt,  and  ro-pi'lntod  in  A])pendix  to  I'l-dud's 
Hist,  of  Pcnn.,  vol.  ii.  pp.  (i.') — i;i'2. 

§  Slu'a's  Early  Vo\  ajjos  on  the  jMississippi.  p.  7,"). 

La  ^letairie's  ^  Olii/liinsi/mii'  siii_';::('sts  another  possilile  di'rivation  which 
uia\  lie  worth  mention.  The  Indian  name  ot'  the  Alle^hanies  has  heen 
said, — I  do  not  now  remember  on  whose  anthorilv, — to  mean  'Endless 
Monntains.'     •  Endless '  cannot  be  more  exaetly  expressed  in  any  Aljron- 


14 


THK    rOMVOSITION    OK 


\^ 


welder  says  tliat  tlie  neliiwaros  "•still  eall  the  Alleo'smy 
(Oliiii")  v'lwv.  Allif/r/ri  .S/'/ui." — •■the  river  ol"  the  AUlneivl'" 
iis  he  ehiioses  to  tnilishite  it.  In  one  foini,  we  have  inililc- 
lunini'itipii^  'host  ra|ii(l-sti'eiiin  loiiu-rivcr ;"  in  the  other, 
/ru/lkr-slpn,  •  hest  lonu-river.  I  lecl<e\vehler"s  derivalioii  oi' 
the  name,  on  the  anthority  oi"  a  Delawa'.'c  leucnd,  I'roin  ihe 
mythic  •  AUitiCwi'  or  ' 'J'alligewi.' — -a  laee  oi"  Indians  said 
to  have  once  inhaliited  that  coniitry,"  who.  after  i:reat  liattles 
I'ondit  in  |ii-e-historic  times,  weic  driven  IVoni  it  hy  the  all- 
eon(|nerin,ti'  Dtdawarcs.' — is  ol'  no  valne,  unless  suiiported  hy 
other  testimony.  The  ideutilicatinn  of  AI/i'<>'Jtniii/  with  the 
Seneea  "•  Itc  <>'  nn  (j/i  no.  cold  water"  [or.  cold  sprinji',!]  pro- 
posed liy  a  writer  in  the  li/stnricd/  MaiiKxlnc  (vol.  iv.  p.  1S4), 
thoujiii  not  ap[)arent  at  iirst  siuht.  miuht  deserve  consideration 
if  thei'c  wei'e  any  I'cason  for  lielicvinii'  tiie  name  of  the  river 
to  he  of  lro(|nois  oriiiin, — if  it  were  prol)alile  that  an  Inupiois 
name  woiild  iiave  lieeu  adopted  hy  Aludnl<in  nations. — or,  if 
the  word  for  'water'  or  'spring'  conhl  lie  made,  in  any 
American  language,  the  suhstantival  comjtoneut  of  a,  rlri-r 
uame. 

From  the  I'lver,  the  name  appears  to  have  heeu  transl'erred 
liv  the  Enti'lish  to  a  range  of  the  ■■  Endless  ^foiMitains." 


;>.  XiPPK,  Xli'i  {=npi.;  Xarr.  ti!/>  :  ^[uhh.  hiip :  Aim. 
and  Chip,  nebl ;  D(d.  m'lii ;')  and  its  diminutives,  iiip/iissc 
and  wZ/As-,  were  cm))loyed  in  compound  names  to  deuote 
WATi:if,  generally,  without  characterizing  it  as  '  swift  llovv- 
Ing,'  "wave  moved.' •  tidal,'  or  'staiidiug:'  as,  lor  example, 
ill  the  name  of  a  part  of  a  river,  where  the  stream  widening 
with  diminished  ciu'reut  hect)mes  lake-like,  or  of  a  stretidi 


kni  lan^tiiij^e  tliiiii  by  'very  loiiij; '  or  '  hjiiirost.' — in  tlio  Dehnvaix',  E/itwi- 
f/inicu.  " 'I'lic  vei'v  loni;  nr  loii^iost  rivt'r"  would  lie  Vllitii-i-gimcii  x'ipu,  or, 
if  tlie  words  woiv  ((iiiiiioundtMl  in  one,  l'llHtri-tjunc.<ipu. 

*  I'aiKT  on  hidian  names,  ul  siipr.i,  p.  ;)(!7  ;  Historical  Aecoiint.  iVr.,  jip. 
•>U — :!•_'. 

jiMorgan's  licairnc  ol'  the  IriKjuois,  pp.  ItKi,  Ids. 


INDIAN    GKOOKAIMIICAL    NAMKs. 


15 


of  tidowiitcr  inliiiid,  r()niiin<>'  n  buy  or  cove  ii(  u  river's  moiitli. 
By  tl'.o  iiortlioru  Al|Li-oiikins,  it  appears  to  liave  lieeii  used  for 
•  lake,'  as  ill  the  uaiiie  of  Mixsi-nippi  or  MixsiiKtbc  lake 
("ji'rcat  water'),  and  iii  that  ol'  Lake  Xiiijihx'nin,  which  lias 
the  locative  aftix,  ni/i/iiK-hi;/,  'at  the  small  lake'  north-east 
of  the  greater  Lake  JJiiron,  whieh  gave  a  name  to  the  nation 
of  '  Xipissings,'  or  as  ilu;  Fi-ench  ealled  them, '  X/'pixsirinietis," 
— according  to  Charlevoix,  the  true  Algonkius. 

ihiiunipiac,  I'cgarded  as  the  Indian  jiame  of  New  JIaven. — 
also  written  Quinnypiock,  Quiuopiocke,  <iuillipiaek,  A-e.,  and 
l»y  President  Stiles*  (on  the  authority  of  au  Indian  of  Ivist 
Haven)  (^'uiniie/n/oor/hq, — is,  pro'iahly,  'long  water  place,' 
quinni-nippc.-iilike.  or  (/Kin-nijn-ohke.  Kowchec  would  seem  to 
he  another  form  of  the  same  name,  from  the  Ahnaki,  kmnt'- 
hf-ki  were  it  not  that  Rale  wrote.f  as  the  name  of  the  river, 
'  A(/hini/'r/c/cr — suggesting  a  ditfcrent  adjectival.  J>ut  IJiai-d, 
in  the  luhdion  de  la  jVoure/le- France,  of  Idll,  lias  •  h'lnl- 
ht'i/ui,'  Champlain,  Qiiinebiyii//,  and  Vimont,  in  1(!40,  '(ju'mi- 
Impn',''  so  that  Ave  are  Justilied  iu'  regarding  tlie  name  as  the 
probable  equivalent  of  Quinni-pi-ohlie. 

Wui-n'qiiK'-^iiiikl  (Winnipiscogec)  will  be  noticed  hei'ealVer. 


4.  -i'Aro,  -PO(j,  -liOG,  (Aim.  -brjia  or  -Irf/af ;  Del.  -/ircat  ,-) 
an  inseparable  geneivic,  denoting  •  watki;  at  rkst,'  "  standing 
water,'  is  the  substantival  component  of  names  of  small  lakes 
and  pontls.  throughout  New  England. |  Some  of  the  most 
common  of  these  names  are. — 

iMnnnd-pani/,  '  great  pond,' — which  api)ears  in  a  great  va- 
riety of  modern  forms,  as  Mashapaug,  Mash[)aug,  !Massapogue, 

*j\Is.  Ttiiierary.  lie  was  carL't'ul  to  preserve  the  huliaii  jn'onuneia- 
tioii  of  local  naiiie-,  ami  the  form  in  wliich  he  gives  this  name  convinces 
nie  that  it  is  not,  as  I  formerly  sniiposed,  the  i/iiininip/tdh/.i:  (or  iiniiiiijijx'- 
ohkf.)  of  Eliot,  —  meaninn;  'the  surroundinj;  coundy'  or  the  '  laml  all 
about'  the  site  of  New  ILiven. 

t  Dictionary,  s.  v.  •  Xoms.' 

t  Paurj  is  regularly  formed  from  pc  ( Al)n.  hi),  the  hase  of  iiip/ic,  and  may 
be  translated  more  exactly  l)y  •  where  water  is  '  or  'place  of  water." 


Iti 


TIIK   ("OMI'OSITION    OK 


Y 


Massii|»og.  tte.  A  pond  in  Cranston,  iiuai-  Providence.  R.  1.  ; 
anollicr  in  Warwick,  in  the  same  State  :  '  Alexandei'"s  Lake,' 
in  Killingly;  'Gardiner's  Ijake.*  in  Sulein,  JSozrah  and  Moiit- 
ville ;  'Tyler  I'ond,'  in  (Joslien  ;  ponds  in  Sharon,  Groton, 
and  Lunenhur<>'.  Alass..  were  each  of  them  the  'Massa|)aug' 
or  '  great  pond'  of  its  vicinity. 

<^>iiiii)ii-jiaii(f,  '  long  pond.'  One  in  Killiiigly,  gave  a  name 
to  (Juinehaiui  River  and  the  '  Quineliang  ccnuitry.'  Kndi- 
cott,  in  1()51.  wrote  this  jiame  '  (^iinniibhaggc'  (!)  Mass.  Hist. 
Coll.,  iv.  VM).  "  Quinepoxet,'  the  name  of  a  pond  and 
small  river  in  Princet(jn,  Mass.,  appears  to  lie  a  corruption 
of  the  diminutive  with  the  locative  allix  ;  (^ninni-ixiiuj-etf-it, 
'  at  the  little  long  pond.' 

Wnngim-panii,  '  crooked  (or  bent)  pond.'  There  is  one  of 
the  name  in  Coventry,  Conn.  Written,  '  Wangunbog,'  '  Wun- 
gnmbang,'  <fec. 

J*etiiJikijiii-/Hiii;/, '  round  pond,'  now  called  '  Du\|ipling  Pond,' 
in  Greenwich,  Conn.,  gave  a  name  to  a  plain  and  brook  in 
that  town,  and,  occasionally,  to  the  i)lantation  settled  there, 
sometimes  written  '  l*etuckqua])0ck.' 

Nunni-piiKi),  '  fresh  pond.'  One  in  Edgartown,  Martha's 
Vineyard,  gave  a  name  (Xunnepoag)  to  an  Indian  village 
near  it.  Eliot  wrote  nunnipvg,  for  '  fresh  water,'  in  James 
iii.  12. 

Sonki-pmig  or  scyki-paiir/,  '  cool  pond.'  {Sonkipof/,  '  cold 
water,'  Eliot.)  Egunk-sonkipang,  or  '  the  cool  pond  (spring) 
of  Egunk'  hill  in  Sterling,  Conn.,  is  named  in  Chandler's 
Survey  of  the  Mohegan  country,  as  one  of  the  east  bounds. 

Pahke-pavfj,  'clear  pond'  or  'pure  water  pond.'  This 
name  occurs  in  various  forms,  as  '  Pahcupog,'  a  pond  near 
Westerly,  R.  I.  ;*  "  Pauriuepaug,'  transferred  from  a  ])ond  to 
a  brook  in  Kent  and  New  Milford  ;  '  Paquabaug,'  near  Slie- 
paug  River,  in  Roxbury,  &c.  '  Pequabuck'  river,  in  Bristol 
and  Farmington,  appears  to  derive  its  name  fi-om  some  •  clear 
pond,' — perhaps  the  one  between  Bristol  and  Plymouth. 


*  A  bound  of  Human  Garret's  land,  one  mile  north-easterly  from  Nini- 
gret's  old  Fort.     See  f'onn.  Col.  Records',  ii.  .314. 


I 


INDIAN   GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


17 


Another  nonn-froncric  that  denotes  Make' or  '  fresh  water 
at  rest,'  is  fonnil  in  many  Abnalii,  northern  Algonlcin  and 
Cliij)j)e\va  names,  hut  not,  perhaps,  in  Massachusetts  or  Con- 
necticut. Tliis  is  the  Algonkin  -,'j<hiii,  -tjoiiii,  or  -<fuinmee. 
Kitchi-ijami  or  '■  Kechvginnmee,^  the  Chippewa  name  of  Lake 
Superior,  is  '  the  greatest,  or  chief  hike.'  t'aiiconnfUDivc,  in 
]\Iaine,  is  the  Abn.  kaakou-(/aini-f£,  '  at  Big-Gull  lake.'  Tenii- 
f/am, '  deep  lake,'  discharges  its  waters  into  Ottawa  River,  in 
Canada ;  Kinou-f/avii,  now  Kenocami,  '  long  lake,'  into  the 
Sagucnay,  at  Chicoutimi. 

There  is  a  MUchi-jainl  or  (as  sometimes  written)  mavhi- 
(/iiiHiiii,  '  large  lake,'  in  northern  Wisconsin,  and  the  river 
which  Hows  from  it  has  received  the  same  name,  with  the 
locative  sutlix,  '  Machitfdmig''  {hv  iin(chi-(/amin(/') .  A  liranch 
of  this  river  is  now  called  '  Fence  River'  from  a  mitehihikan 
or  mik'Jiikan,  a  '  wooden  fence'  constructed  near  its  hanks, 
hy  the  Indians,  for  catching  doer.*  Father  AUouez  descril)es, 
in  the  '  Relation'  for  1670  (p.  96),  a  sort  of  '  fence'  or  weir 
which  the  Indians  had  built  across  Fox  River,  for  taking  stur- 
geon «fec.,  and  which  they  called  *■  Mitlhikan  ;^  and  shortly 
after,  he  mentions  the  destruction,  by  the  Iroquois,  of  a  vil- 
lage of  Outagamis  (Fox  Indians)  near  his  mission  station, 
called  3Iachihi<jan-in(j ,  ['at  t\\o  mi  tchihikaii,  or  weir?']  on  the 
*  Lake  of  the  Illinois,'  now  Michujan.  Father  Dablon,  in  the 
next  year's  Relation,  calls  this  lake  '  Milehir/anons.''  Perhaps 
tliei'e  was  some  confusion  between  the  names  of  the  '  weir ' 
and  the  '  great  lake,'  and  '  Michigan '  appears  to  have  been 
adopted  as  a  kind  of  compromise  between  the  two.  If  so, 
this  modern  form  of  the  name  is  corrupt  in  more  senses  than 
one.f 


*  Foster  and  Whitney's  Repoi't  on  the  Geoln<;y  of  Lake  Superior,  &e., 
Pt.  II.  p.  40(t. 

t  Itiilo  gives  Abn.  milnegan,  '  fiante.'     Thoreau,  fishing  in  a  river  in 
Maine,  eaught  several  sueiver-like  fishes,  whieli  his  Abnaki  guide  threw 
away,  saying  they  were  '  Mirheyan  Jisli,  i.e.,  soft  and  stinking  fish,  good 
for  notliing.' — Maine  Tloor/.s,  p.  210. 
8 


IS 


THK  COMPOSITION   OF 


T).  -AMAUO,  donotiiifi'  'a  fishinc;  placf/  (Abu.  a"ma"i/an, 
'  on  prche  la,')  is  derived  IVoiu  Iho  root  ^in  or  (tma,  si«>niiy- 
in<>' '  to  tai\e  Ity  the  mouth  ;'  whence,  <hn-aH,  'lie  fishes  with 
liook  iind  line,'  and  Del.  dninn,  a  lish-liook.  Wotikfuiaiiif  for 
v<<ni(/im-a))iaiii/,^  crocked  lishiiig-place,'  between  Wai-ren  and 
New  l'r(!ston,  in  Litchfield  county,  is  now  '  Rauniaug  Lake.' 
OuHchank-amavjj^  in  East  Windsor,  was  perliaps  the  '  eel  fish- 
ing-place.' The  lake  in  Worcester,  Quansit/amaii;/,  Quansiij- 
(tiiiii>/,  <fec.,  and  now  Qiilnnli/amond,  was  'the  pickerel  fishing- 
place,'  (jininoi  iio</-ctmai((j. 


^^- 


(».  Rock.  In  coniposition,  -pisk  or-PSK  (Abn.  peshn  ;  Cree, 
-}>isk  ;  Chip,  -bile  ;)  denotes  hard  ov  fllnt-Uke  rock  ;*  -ompsk  (ir 
o'-'nsK,  and.  by  phonetic  corruption,  -msk,  (from  onipac,  'up- 
right,' and  -pisk,)  a  'standing  rock.'  As  a  substantival  com- 
ponent of  local  names,  -ompsk  and,  with  the  locative  aflix, 
-ompxkiif,  are  found  in  such  names  as — 

Peti>k<pii-iimpskHf,  corrupted  to  J*etfiquai)iseiil,  '  at  the 
r(»und  rock.'  Such  a  rock,  on  the  east  side  of  Narrow  River, 
north-east  from  Tower  Hill  Church  in  South  Kingston,  R.  L, 
was  one  of  the  l»ound  marks  of,  and  gave  a  name  to,  the 
"  l'('tti(puimscut  purchase"  in  the  Narragansett  country. 

Wanaxhfpii-ompskut  (wanashqiiompsfpit,  Ezekiel  xxvi.  14), 
'  at  the  top  of  tlie  rock,'  or  at  '  the  point  of  rock.'  Wonnes- 
(/uai)i,  Arnm  Scpuwi,  and  S(juani,  near  Cape  Ann,  are  perha])s 
corrupt  forms  of  the  name  of  some  '  rock  summit'  or  '  point 
of  rock'  thereal)outs.  Winnesipmmsaitkit  (for  wandshqiii- 
owpxk-"hk-it /)  near  Exeter  Falls,  N.  IL,  has  been  trans- 
formed to  Sw(()npi(coute  and  Sqitamscot.  The  name  of  Swam- 
scot  or  Swampscot,  forn.crly  part  of  Lynn,  Mass.,  has  a  dif- 
ferent meaning.  It  is  from  m^sqiii-ompHk^  '  Red  Rock '  (the 
modern  name),  near  the  north  end  of  Long  Reach,  which 


*  I'riinarily.  that  which  '  breaks,' '  cleaves,' '  splits  :'  distinguishing  the 
hnulir  rocks — such  as  were  used  for  making  spear  and  arrow  heads,  axes, 
chisels,  corn-mortars,  &c.,  and  for  striking  fire, — from  the  softer,  such  as 
steatite  (soa|)-slonc)  from  which  ])ots  and  other  vessels.  j)ipe-howls,  &c., 
wei'c  fashioned. 


INDIAN   (JEOGIUrHICAL   NAMES. 


1!» 


was  perhaps  "The  cliftc"  inoiitioned  a«  one  of  the  hounds 
ol"  Mr.  Huml'roy'H  Swampscot  farm,  Uiiil  out  in  1  •!:>«.* 
M'si/Koiiijtsknt  means  '  at  the  rod  rock.'  The  sound  of  tlie 
initial  m  was  easily  lost  to  En<j;lish  ears.f 

Penobscot,  a  corruption  of  the  Ai)naki  pa"na(i)a"l>skck\  was 
originally  the  name  of  a  locality  on  the  river  so  called  l»y  the 
English.  Mr.  Moses  Greenleaf,  in  a  letter  to  I)i'.  Morsi;  in 
1H28,  wrote  '■  Pe  noovi'  x/ce  oo/c"  as  the  Indian  Uiinie  of  Old 
Town  Falls,  "  whence  the  English  name  of  the  llivcr,  which 
would  have  been  better,  Peiinhxcnok.'"'  He  gave,  as  the  mean- 
ing of  this  name,  ''  Roci<y  Falls."  The  St.  Francis  Indians 
told  Thorcau,  that  it  means  "  Rocky  River. "':f  '  At  the  fall 
of  the  rock'  or  'at  the  descending  rock'  is  a  more  nearly 
exact  translation.  The  first  syllable,  pen-  (Abu.  pa"na)  rep- 
resents a  root  meaning  '  to  fall  from  a  height,' — as  in  pa"n- 
tr/cu),  'fall  of  a  river'  or  'rapids;'  jH'na"-ki,  'fall  of  land,' 
the  descent  or  downward  slope  of  a  mountain,  &c. 

Keld-ompskqut,  or  '  Ketumpscut' as  it  was  formerly  writ- 
ten,§ — '  at  the  greatest  rock,' — is  corrupted  to  Caluiiih,  the 
name  of  a  reef  ofif  the  west  end  of  Fisher's  Island. 

To7nhegano7iiset\\ — corrupted  finally  to  '  iligganum,'  the 
name  of  a  brook  and  parish  in  the  north-east  part  of  Had- 
dam, — appears  to  have  been,  originally,  the  designation  of  a 
locality  from  which  the  Indians  procured  stone  suitable  for 
making  axes, — toiuhei/iin-ompsk-iif,  '  at  the  tomahawk  rock.' 
Jn  '  Higganompos,'  as  the  name  was  sometimes  written,  with- 
out the  locative  affix,  we  have  less  difficulty  in  recognizing 
the  substantival  -ompsk. 

QussuK,  another  word  for  '  i*ock'  or  '  stone,'  used  Ijy  Eliot 
and  Roger  Williams,  is  not  often — perhaps  never  found  in 
local  names.     Ilansun  or  Assun  (Chip,  assln'  ;  Del.  acksin  ;) 

*Miiss.  Records,  i.  147,  •220. 

^  Squantam,  the  supposed  name  of  an  Algonkin  deity,  is  only  a  eonnipt 
form  of  the  verb  m'squantam,  =  musqui-itidam,  'lie  is  anyry,'  literally,  'he 
is  red  (bloody-)  minded.' 

JlMaine  Woods,  pp.  145,  321. 

§Pres.  Stiles's  Itinerary,  1761.  ||  Conn.  Col.  Kecords,  i.  4.S4. 


\ 


I  \ 


(W* 


/ 


'^1 


ft'\.  . 


./.. 


/U 


20 


THE   COMPOSITION   OF 


appears  in  New  Engliin«l  nnines  only  as  an  adjectival  (^ansiinr, 
unxini,  'stony'),  hut  fiirtlier  north,  it  ot'cnsioiiiilly  occuth  as 
the  snhstiintival  coniponont  of  such  names  as  3Iislassinni, 
'  the  Great  Stone,'  which  j^ives  its  name  to  a  lake  in  British 
America,  to  a  tril)c  of  Indians,  and  to  a  river  that  tlows  into 
St.  .lohu's  Lake.* 


7.  Wadchu  (in  composition,  -adchu)  means,  always, '  moun- 
tain' or  'hill.'  In  iVachuiiet,  we  have  it,  with  the  locative 
affix  -net, '  near'  or  '  in  the  vicinity  of  the  moimtain,' — a  name 
whiclTlTas  been  transferred  to  the  mountain  itself.  With  the 
adjectival  viaasu, '  great,'  is  formed  maKS-ailvhii-set,  '  near  the 
great  mountain,'  or  '  great  hill  country,' — now,  Massachnsettft. 

^Kunokijiiachu''  and  ^Qiiiinktratlchu,'  mentioned  in  the  deeds 
of  Hadley  pui-chaso,  in  l»i58,t  are  forms  of  iji/Hn"kiju-ad(;hii, 
'  high  mountain,' — afterwards  belittled  as  '  Mount  Toliy.' 

'  Kearm)ye,'  the  modern  name  of  two  well-known  moun- 
tains in  New  Hampshire,  disguises  kaywass-adchu,  'pine  moun- 
tain.' On  JJolland's  Map,  published  in  1784,  the  southern 
Kearsarge  (in  Merrimack  county)  is  marked  "Kyarsarga 
Mountain  ;  by  the  Indians,  Cowisi^nvaschook.'''' X  In  this  form, 
— which  the  termination  ok  (for  ohke,  anke, '  land,')  shows  to 
belong  to  the  ret/ion,  not  exclusively  to  the  mountain  itself, — 
the  analysis  becomes  more  easy.  The  meaning  of  the  adjec- 
tival is  perhaps  not  quite  certain.  Kmiva  (Abn.  kmd^  '  a  pine 
tree,'  with  its  diminutive,  kinwasse,  is  a  derivative, — from  a 
root  which  means  '  sharp,'  '  pointed.'  It  is  possible,  that  in 
this  synthesis,  the  root  preserves  its  primary  signification, 
and  that  *  Kearsarge'  is  the  '  pointed'  or  '  peaked  mountain.' 

Mauch  Chunk  (Penn.)  is  from  Del.  machk,  'bear'  and 
ivachtschnnk, '  at,  or  on,  the  mountain,' — according  to  Ilecke- 
welder,  who  writes  '  3Iachkschi'mk,'' or  the  Delaware  name  of 
'  the  bear's  mountain.' 

*  Hind's  Exploration  of  Labrador,  vol.  ii.  pp.  14  7,  118. 

t  History  of  Hiidley,  21,  22,  114. 

X  W.  F.  Goodwin,  in  Historical  Magazine,  ix.  28. 


\'.i}> 


INDIAN   ('.EOOUAIMIICAL   NAMKS. 


21 


In  the  Aliiiaki  mid  sonic  otlioi-  Algonkin  dinlccts,  the  huI)- 
stuntiviil  coniponont  of  monntnin  names  is  -('idcn(;, — an  in- 
HcparuMo  nonn-generic.  lutlahdhi  (pronounced  Ktaadn  l)y 
the  Indians  of  Maine),  Abn.  Kd-ddenf,'-  i\ni  greatest  (or 
eliief)  mountain,'  is  the  e(|uivalent  of  '  hlttntinn//,'  the  name 
of  a  ridge  of  the  Alleghanies,  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsyl- 
vania. 


\is>y 


8.  -KOMUK  or  KOMAKO  (Del.  -kamik,  -kamik^ ;  Ahn.  -kamighe ; 
Crcc,  -(jdMitiik  ;  Powhatan,  -eomaeo  ;)  cannot  ho  exactly  trans- 
lated by  any  one  English  word.  It  denotes '  place,'  in  the  sense 
of  enclosed,  limited  or  appropriated  space.  As  a  component 
of  local  names,  it  means,  generally, '  an  enclosure,'  natural 
or  artificial ;  such  as  a  house  or  other  building,  a  village,  a 
planted  field,  a  thicket  or  place  surrounded  by  trees,  &c.  The 
place  of  residence  of  the  Sachem,  which  (says  Roger  Wil- 
liams) was  "  far  different  from  other  houses  [wigwams],  both 
in  capacity,  and  in  the  fineness  and  (quality  of  their  mats," 
was  called  sachimd-komuk,  or,  as  Edward  Winslow  wrote  it, 
'  mchimo  coinaco,^ — the  Sachem-house.  Werotvoco7noco,  Wer- 
anioeomuco,  tfec.  in  Virginia,  was  the  '  Werowauce's  house,' 
and  the  name  appears  on  Smith's  map,  at  a  place  "  upon  the 
river  Pamauncke  [now  York  River],  where  the  great  King 
[Powhatan]  was  resident." 

luippi-komuk,  '  closed  place,'  '  secure  enclosure,'  was  the 
name  of  a  Pequot  fastness  in  a  swamp,  in  Groton,  Conn. 
Roger  Williams  wrote  this  name  "  Cuppacommock,"  and  un- 
derstood its  meaning  to  be  "  a  refuge,  or  hiding  place."  Eliot 
has  kiqyjydhkomuk  for  a  planted  '  grove,'  in  Deut.  xvi.  21,  and 
for  a  landing-place  or  safe  harbor,  Acts  xxvii.  40. 

Nashaue-konntk, '  half-way  house,'  was  at  what  is  now  Chil- 
inark,  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  where  there  Avas  a  village  of 
praying  Indians*  in  1698,  and  earlier. 

The  Abnaki  keta-kamigo)  means,  according  to  Rale,  '  the 


*  About  hiih-way  from  Tisbury  to  Gay  Head. 


■2Z  TIIK   COMPOSITION    OK 

umiii  laii«l,' — litiirally,  '^n-cntcst  pliictj ;'  It'lrlut-lnuniiih'',  '  Ifvcl 
|)liu't','  II  plain  ;  /ir/tam-kdniiifhek,  'the  ulf  liiiitl,'  •  I'uuivcrH.' 

Ni's.S(i'i>a-k(i>ntijhr^  incuiiiii^  'doiildc  pliioo'  ov  hi'i-hui/  |iliit'(',' 
WJiH  till!  iiiiiiu'  of  tlu'  Altmiki  villajft;  of  St.  Fniiu'is  ilt;  Stilus, 
on  tlu!  St.  Lawrence,* — to  wiiicli  the  niissi(»n  was  n'moved 
ahoiit  1700,  from  its  first  .station  estaiilished  ncai-  the  Falls  of 
the  Chuiidieie  in  ir.,S:{.f 


!>.  Of  two  words  inoaninjjf  hland,  munn(»han  or,  reject iiij; 
the  formative,  miinnoii  (Aiai.  mmalutn  ;  Del.  nunitti'i/ ;  (Jhip. 
iiiiniH,  a  diminutive.)  is  the  more  common,  IhiI  is  rarely,  if 
ever,  found  in  c(»mposition.  The  "(Jrand  Memni,'  opposite 
I'assamnuupioddy  IJay,  retains  t\w  Almaki  name.  Long 
Island  was  Mcnatey  or  Mamill,  '  the  Island,' — to  the  Dola* 
wares,  Minsi  and  other  nei<>hhorintr  tril)es.  Any  smaller 
island  was  menatan  (Mass.  nutniiohhun),  the  indefinilc  form, 
or  menales  (Mass.  miinniiies,  maniKses),  the  <Ilmini)tivr.  Cam- 
panius  mentions  one  '•  Manathaan,^  Coopers'  Island  (now 
Cherry  Island)  near  Fort  Christina,  in  the  Delaware, J  and 
"  Manataammg  or  Manaales,  a  ]»lace  settled  hy  tlu;  Dutch, 
who  huilt  there  a  clever  little  town,  which  went  on  increasing 
every  day," — now  called  New  York.  (The  termination  in 
-?<«//  is  the  locative  atlix.)  New  York  Island  was  sometimes 
spoken  of  as  '  the  island' — '  Manate,'  '  Mauhattc  ;'  sometimes 
as 'a»  island' — Manathan,  Menatan,  '  il/an/ja/oH  ;'  more  ac- 
curately, as  'the  small  island'  —  ^Manhaates,  Manattes,  and 
'the  Mauados'  of  the  Dutch.  The  Island  Indians  collect- 
ively, were  called  Manhattam ;  those  of  the  small  island, 
'  Munhatese.n.''  "  They  deeply  mistake,"  as  Gov.  Stuyvesant's 
agents  declared,  in  l(ioO,§  "  who  interpret  the  general  name 
of  Manhattans^  unto  the  particular  town  l)uilt  upon  a  little 
Island;  because  it  signified  the  whole  country  and  province." 

Manisses  or  Mouasses,  as  Block  Island  was  called,  is  au- 

♦Rille,  S.  V.  VlLLA(}E. 

t  Shea's  Hist,  of  Catholic  Missions,  142,  145. 

I  Description  of  New  Sweden,  b.  ii.  c.  8.     (Duponceau's  translation.) 

§N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc.  Collections,  iii.  37.5. 


the 


INhlAN    (ilvOOUAPUK'AI,   NA.MKS. 


2ft 


(itlicr  lorm  (»r  the  (liinimifivc, — iVoin  niinnioh  :  nnd  MmthaHM't, 
otlwrwisc  wiittt'ii.  MiiiiliiuiHiclv,  ii  iiiiint'  ul'  Slicltci'  Isliuid,  is 
the  saiiu!  (liminutivc  witli  the  locative  nllix,  iinuiiiu-iS-it.  So 
is  '  Maiiiisscs'  or  '  MoiUHiwies,'  an  island  iioar  Rye,  N.  Y., — 
now  written  (with  the  soutlu'in  Ibnn  of  the  h)eative,)  Man- 
it  vs  in;/. 

jM'ititmik  Point,  formerly  iMontanket,  Montacnt,  and  liy 
Uo;j:er  Willianis,  Mimuawtawkit,  is  piohivlily  IVoni  ukukiII, 
auke,  and  -it  h)oative  ;  '  in  the  Island  conntry,'  •>!• '  country  of 
the  IslandorH.' 

'J'lio  otlior  name  of  '  Island,'  in  Ali^onkin  lan<j;najro»,  is 
AiiQUEDNK  or  ocgrinNi;;  with  the  locative,  ahi/ii<'<inel,  as  in 
Acts  xxvii.  !(!.  (Compare,  Cree,  (fkoa/in,  "it  suspends,  is 
«/Miate,  e.fr.  an  island  in  the  water,"  from  ^kun,  n  verbal  I'oot 
"expressive  of  a  state  of  rest,"  Ih»wso\s  Grammar,  p.  ir»2. 
Micmac,  ai/iritk,  "■  it  is  in  the  water;"  whence,  Ep-ariwit.,  "It 
lies  [sits  ?]  in  the  water,"*  the  Indian  name  of  IVinee  Ed- 
ward's Island.)  This  appears  to  have  heen  restricted  in  its 
application,  to  islands  lyin^'  near  the  main  land  or  spoken  of 
with  reference  to  the  main  land.  llo<ior  Williams  learned 
from  the  Narragansetts  to  call  Rhode  Island,  Aqinday,  A(pied- 
net,  <fec.,  'the  Island'  or  'at  the  Island,'  and  a  "  little  island 
in  the  month  of  the  Uay,"  was  Atjuedenem'k,^  or  Aquidncsct, 
i.e.  '  at  the  small  island.' 

Vhippaijiiiddick,  tlie  modern  name  of  an  island  divided  l»y 
a  mvrrow  strait  from  Martha's  Vineyard,  is  from  cheppi- 
aquidne,  '  separated  island.' 

Ahnaki  names  ending  in  -ka^tti,  or  -kontee  (Mass.  -kontii ; 
Etchemin  or  Maliscet, -AW/rt/i,  -quoddy ;  Micmac,  -ka"di,  oi- 
-aikadee ;)  may  lie  placed  witli  those  of  the  iirst  class,  though 
tliis  termination,  representing  a  substantival  component,  is 
really  only  the  locative  affix  of  nouns  in  the  indefinite  plural. 
Exact  location  was  denoted  by  aflixing,  to  inanimate  nouns- 


*I)<iwson's  Acadian  Gcolo^iy,  App.  p.  C73, 
t4th  Mass.  Hist.  Colili-ctions,  vi.  207. 


24 


THE   COMPOSITION   OP 


li 


singular,  -ety  -it  or  -ut ;  proximity,  or  something;  Jess  thciu 
exact  location,  hy  -set,  (interposing  s,  tlu!  t'liaractcristic  of 
diminutives  and  derogatives)  l)et\voen  the  uonn  and  affix. 
Plural  nouns,  rei)roscnting  a  definite  mimher  of  iiulividiials, 
or  a  number  which  miglit  be  regarded  an  delinite,  received 
-ettu,  -ittu,  or  -utfu,  in  the  locative  :  but  if  the  iuinii)er  was 
indefinite,  or  uumy  individuals  were  spoken  of  collectively, 
the  affix  was  -konlu,  denoting  '  where  many  are,'  or  '  place  of 
abundance.'  For  example,  wadehii,  mountain  ;  tvaddiii-id,  to, 
on,  or  at  the  mountain  ;  wadehu-set,  near  the  mountain  ;  wad- 
chintttu  (^or -ehti('),  in  or  among  eertain  mountains,  known  or 
indicated  (as  in  Eliot's  version  of  Numbers  xxxiii.  47,  48)  ; 
wadchne-konta,  among  nuiuntains,  where  there  are  a  great 
many  mountains,  for  '  in  the  hill  country,'  Joshua  xiii.  6. 
So,  nippe-kontn,  '  in  the  waters,'  i.  e.  in  tnany  waters,  or 
'  where  there  is  nuujh  water,'  Deut.  iv.  18  ;  v.  8.  In  Deuter- 
onomy xi.  11,  the  conversion  to  a  verlj  of  a  noun  which  had 
previously  received  this  affix,  shows  that  the  idea  of  abund- 
ance or  of  multitude  is  associated  with  it :  "  oh/ie  wadrhuiddion- 
ttuo,'^  i.e.  ivadehui'-kontu-a>,  "■  the  land  is  a  land  of  hills,"  that 
is,  Avhere  arc  many  iiills,  or  wliere  hills  are  phntij. 

This  form  of  verb  was  rarely  used  by  Eliot  aiul  is  not  al- 
luded to  in  his  Grammar.  It  appears  to  have  been  less  com- 
mon in  the  ^Massachusetts  than  in  most  of  the  other  Algonkin 
languages.  In  the  Chippewa,  an  '  abundance  verl>,'  as  Ba- 
raga* calls  it,  may  be  formed  from  any  noun,  by  adding  -ka 
or  -'ika  for  the  indicative  ])resent :  in  the  Cree,  by  adding 
-skow  or  -ooskoir.  \n  the  Abnaki,  -ka  or  -kai,  or  -iko),  forms 
similar  verbs,  and  verbals,  the  final  Hti  of  ka"tti,  reitresents 
the  imiicrsonal  a'W*',  eto, '  there  belongs  to  it,'  '  there  is  there,' 
il  y  a.  (Abu.  iue)ikikii)i'ka"tti, '  where  there  is  abundance  of 
grass,'  is  the  equivalent  of  the  Micmac  '*  m" skccgoo-aieadee ,  a 
meadow."!) 

*  Otchipwe  Gramiiuir,  pp.  87,  412. 

fMr.  Rand's  Micniac  Vocabulary,  in  Schoolcraft's  Collections,  vol.  v.  p. 
579. 


.Lv 


.,     ^   ^^' 


P- 


'■\ 


INDIAN   GKOGKAPHICAL   NAMKS. 


26 


Aiuon,t2:  Alinaki  placc-iiamos  having  this  Ibriu,  the  following 
deserve  notice : — 

A"nieKo>fc-k(i"tfi,  '  where  there  is  plenty  oi'  ale/civcs  or  her- 
rinfis  ;"  from  Abn.  a"iiisot(ik  (Xarr.  n>iiiisi1o(/  :  ^Mass.  otnmlss.vo<i^ 
cotton  ;)  literally, '  small  fishes,'  l)nt  appropriated  to  fish  of  the 
lieri'ing  tribe,  including  alewives  and  menhaden  or  l)ony-fish. 
RjIIc  gives  this  as  tlic  name  o/  one  of  the  Abnaki  villages  on 
or  near  the  river  '  Aghenibekki.'  It  is  the  same,  probably, 
as  the  '  Meesee  Contee'  or  '  Meesncoiitec,'  at  Farmingtou 
Falls,  on  Sandy  River,  ]Me.*  With  the  sulfix  of  •  place' or 
'  hind,'  it  has  been  written  Ainei^naiiimtuvuli  and  Ainaxaf/naii- 
tejf. 

^  Anioscoi/t/in,"  '  Ammarcscoggen,'  &c.,  and  the  "  Auiiioiigh- 
cawgcn'  of  Cajjt.  dohn  Smith,  names  given  to  the  Keniiel)ec 
or  its  main  western  branch,  the  Androscoggin,! — ajjpear  to 
liave  belonged,  originally,  to  '  fishing  places'  on  the  river, 
from  Abn.  a"i)i^-viia-h'JHi/e,  or  a"m''S(i>n-ka"(jan.  '  Amoskcag,' 
at  the  falls  of  the  Merrimack,  has  the  same  meaning,  prob- 
ably :  ii"]n'-sii>a-/chii/c  (Mass.  ihnmiiisakkeaf/'),  a  '  fishing-placc 
for  alewives.'  It  certainly  does  not  mean  'beavers,'  or 
'pond  or  marsh'  of  l)eavers,  —  as  Mr.  Schoolcraft  supposed  it 
to  mean. J 

MadamtKconitis  ov  Matlammisccmtls,  the  name  of  a  tributary 
of  the  Penobscot  and  of  a  town  in  Lincoln  county,  Me.,  was 
translated  by  Mv.  Greenleaf,  in  182;],  "Young  Alewive 
stream;"  but  it  ap[)ears  to  represent  i)ict-a"}ns<iiak-hi"tti,  'a 
jduce  where  there  hati  heen  (but  is  not  now)  jjlenty  of  ale- 
wives,' or  to  which  they  no  longer  resort.     Compare  Rille's 

*Coll.  Me.  Ili^t.  Society,  iv.  31,  105. 

f  The  statenieut  that  the  Androseoggin  reeoived  its  present  name  in 
c'onijilinient  to  Eilmond  Andros,  about  1G84,  is  erroneous.  This  form  of 
the  name  appears  as  early  as  KJSli,  in  the  release  by  Thomas  Purchase  to 
the  Governor  of  Massa(;husetts,  —  correctly  printed  (from  the  original 
(h'ixft  in  the  handwriting  of  Thomas  Lechtbrd)  in  Mass.  liecords,  vol.  i. 
p.  272. 

{  Inlbrmation  respecting  the  hidian  'JVibes,  &c.,  vol.  iii.  p.  •")2i;. 


26 


THE   COMPOSITION  OF 


mef-(("ni(ii(ik,  "  los  poissons  out  fiutos  lenrs  aMil's ;  ils  s'eii  sont 
alius  ;  11  ii'y  on  a  plus." 

C'ublioi^Hcccoiitec  vWvv.  in  tlic  south  part  ol'  Kcunelicc  county, 
is  named  iVoni  a  place  near  ''  llii'  month  of  tlu;  strfiim,  whore 
it  iidjoineth  itself  to  Kennebec  river,"'*  and  'where  there 
was  plenty  of  j^tiii'u'eons," — hihasx((k-ka"ttL 

''  PeshidaDiioitklainti'  is  <>'iven  liy  Charlevoix,  as  the  ludiiin 
name  of  "  the  river  (d"  the  Elchemins,"  that  is,  the  St.  Croix, 
— a  luime  which  is  now  corrupted  in  J^axsawaqiiinhh/ ;  luitlhis 
latter  I'orni  of  the  name  is  proliahly  dei'ived  from  tiie  h'trhc- 
iiihi,  while  Charlevoix  wrote  the  Ahnnkl  form.  The  llev. 
Elijah  Kello|Li\u'.  in  1S-JS,|  uave,  as  the  meaninu'  of  '  I'assama- 
(pioddie,'  '  pollock  fish,'  and  the  llev.  ^Ir.  Rand  translates 
'  IVstnmoo-kwoddy  '  liy  •  pollock  gi'ound.'J  Cotton's  vocabu- 
lary <iives  '  pdkonnotam'  for  '  haddock.'  Perhaps  jicxkadumi- 
o)k,  like  a"iiisii)ak,  belonged  to  nioi'e  than  one  sjx'cies  of  lish. 

Of  Etchemin  and  Micniac  words  havinu'  a  similar  termina- 
tion, we  find  amon<i'  othei's, — 

SliubcnacaiJie  (  Chchendcardie  on  Charlevoix'  map,  and  She- 
benncad'ui  on  .lelfry's  nuip  of  177")).  One  of  the  principal 
rivers  of  Nova  Scotia,  was  so  name<l  because  '  iupcii-ak  were 
jdenty  there.'  Professor  Dawson  was  informed  by  an  "ancient 
Micnuic  patriarch,"  that  '■'  iShiibf nor  Sgahun  means  uToimd- 
nuts  or  Indian  potatoes,"  and  l)y  tlu;  Rev.  Mr.  Rand,  of 
Ilantsport,  X.  S.,  that  "■  i<C[iuhbini  is  a  grimnd-nnt,  and  Scgub- 
huna-kaddji  is  the  jilace  or  rejiion  of  <iround-nuts,"  iV.c.§  It 
is  not  (putc  certain  that  xhidien  and  fer/nbhim  denote  the  same 
csculeid  root.  The  Abnaki  mime  of  the  wild  p<ttato  or  jiround- 
juit  was  pen,  pi.  /icnak  (Chi|>.  opin-hj  ;  Del.  obhvn-ak')  ;  '  sipoi,'' 
which  is  obviously  the  e([uivalent  of  i<hebev,  Rale  describes  as 
"blanches,  jilus  grosses  (pic  des  pcuak :''  and  slH'vp'n-uk  \^ 
the  modern  Abnaki  (Penobscot)  name  for  the  bulbous  roots 


*  De]iositions  in  Coll.  Me.  Histor.  Society,  iv.  113. 

13  ]\Ia8s.  Hist.  Coll.,  iii.  isi. 

IDnwsun's  Aciuliiin  (Jcolo^fy,  •-'(!  t'll.,  (Lomloii.  IsilS),  |i|i 

§  Acadian  Geology,  iiji.  1,  3. 


INDIAN   GKOGHAPIIICAL   NAMKS. 


27 


of  tho  Yt'llow  Lily  (LUliDii  C<(mhleme~).  Tlioroau's  Indian 
jiiii(i(}  ill  the  '  Miiiiu^  Woods'  lold  liini  tluit  tlieso  Imllis  "  woi'c 
good  Ibi'  .soup,  that  is  to  cook  witii  uu'at  to  thicken  it," — and 
taught  him  how  to  prepare  them.*  .Josselyii  mentions  such 
"a  wutei-lily,  with  yellow  liowers,"  (jf  which  '"the  Indians 
cat  the  roots"  boiled. f 

"  S('(/oonn»i(i-k(i(hli/,  place  of  (jaspcreuK.r  ;  Gaspereau  or 
Alewife  River,"  '*  BuoHaiiioo-kwoiUij,  Tom  Cod  groinid,"  and 
"  Kala-kadihj,  eel-ground," — are  given  liy  Professor  Dawson, 
on  Mr.  Rand's  authority.  Segoommak  is  the  e(|iiivaleiit  of 
Mass.  and  Xarr.  n'(inanan\iinqH»ck^  'spring  (^or  early  snm- 
mei')  lisli,'  l»y  R.  Williams  translated  '  bream.'  And  hoonamoo, 
— Ww  pnniwio  of  Charlevoix  (i.  1"2T),  who  confounded  it  with 
some  'species  of  dog-fish  (chien  de  mer),' — is  the  apinua"- 
me»ii>  of  Raslesand7)(^/)o/^ffl?/»^8»^  'winter  lish,'  of  Roger  Wil- 
liams. '  which  some  call  frost-Iish,' — Morrhua  prninosa. 


The  frequent  occurrence  of  this  termination  in  Micmac, 
Etchemin  and  Abnaki  local  names  gives  probability  to  the 
conjecture,  that  it  came  to  lie  regarded  as  a  general  name  for 
the  region  which  these  tribes  inhabited, — '  L'arcadia,'  '  I'Ac- 
cadie,'  and  'la  Cadie,'  of  early  geographers  and  voyagers. 
Dr.  Kohl  has  uot  found  this  name  on  any  earlier  maj)  than 
that  published  by  Girolamo  Ruscelli  in  lotll.ij:  Tliat  it  is  of 
Indian  origin  there  is  hardly  room  for  doubt,  and  of  two  or 
three  jiossible  derivations,  that  from  the  terminal  -hUli.  -ko- 
diali,  or  -k'f"ltl,  is  on  the  whole  prcferaiile.  lint  this  ter- 
mination, in  tlie  sense  of  '  place  of  abundance'  or  in  that  of 
'  ground,  land,  or  place,'  cannot  l»e  useii  ^eparaieh,  as  an  in- 
de[)eiident  word,  in  any  one  of  the  languages  which  have 
been  mentioned;  and  it  is  singular  that,  in  two  or  three  in- 
stances, only   this  termination  should    have   been  preserved 


*JMaiiio  Woods,  pp.  I'Jl,  'iSl,  32G. 

tVoyajrcs,  p.  14. 

J  Sec  Coll.  :\Ic.  Hist.  Sociijty,  2il  Ser.,  vol. 


p.  -lU. 


v  ■-■ 


'-  '.'• 


,-.1-^3 


vj 


28 


Tllh;   COMPOSITION    OK 


al'tcr  tlic  first  and  inoro  iin|)urtaiit  component  of  tlu;  name 
was  lost. 

There  are  two  Abnaki  words  which  are  not  nnlii<o  -ka"tU 
in  soiuul,  one  or  both  of  wliicli  may  perhajjs  be  Ibund  in  some 
local  names :  (1)  Icamd't,  '•  wiiere  he  sleeps,'  a  lod</inu  place 
of  men  or  animals  ;  and  (jl)  akodcwid,  in  com[)ositioi!  or  as 
a  jtrefix,  aJividr,  'against  the  current,'  np-strcani  ;  as  in  ncd- 
a/cadr^hrtiie^i,  '  1  go  uj)  stream,'  and  (iidcr((/iii>ila"ti(t",  '  the  lisli 
go  u]>  stream.'  Some  such  synthesis  may  have  given  names 
to  iishing-places  on  tidal  rivers,  and  i  am  more  inclined  to 
regard  the  name  of  '  Tracadie'  or  '  Tracody'  as  a  corru[)tion 
of  (iidcrak(i)da" ,  than  to  derive  it  (with  I'l'ofessor  Dawson* 
and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Rand)  from  "  Tnlluk-kaddii ;  prol)aljly, 
place  of  resideni'e  ;  dwelling  place," — or  rather  (for  the  ter- 
mination re(iuircs  this),  where  resid(;iices  or  dwellings  are 
picntfj, — where  there  is  idmndancc  of  dwelling  place.  There 
is  a  Tracadie  in  Nova  Scotia,  another  {Ihyatr,  of  Cham- 
plain)  on  the  coast  of  New  JJrunswick,  a  'i'l'acody  or  Traeady 
Bay  in  I'rince  Edward's  Island,  ami  a  Tracailigash  Point  in 
Chalenr  J5ay. 

Thevot,  in  La  Cosmoi/raphie  i(nivL'i'seI(c,f  gives  an  account 
of  his  visit  in  I.'kA),  to  "  one  of  the  linest  rivers  in  the  whole 
Avorld  which  we  call  JVonniibc</iu',  and  the  al)origines  A</- 
onci/,''' — now  Penobscot  JJay.  in  'Agoncy'we  have,  1  con- 
jecture, another  form  of  the  Abnaki  -ka"tti,  and  an  etjuivalent 
of  '  Acadie.' 


II.  Names  formed  from  a  single  ground-word  or  substan. 
tival, — with  or  without  a  locative  or  other  suilix. 

To  this  class  belong  some  mimes  already  noticed  in  con- 
nection with  compound  names  to  which  they  are  related  ; 
such  as,  IVachii-set,  •  near  the  mountain  ;'  lUeiudiau  (^M(iia)i), 
ManatU  Manathaan,  '  island  ;'  ManataKu-utifi,  Aiii(cdn-el,  '  on 
the  island,'  itc.  Of  the  many  which  might  be  added  to  these, 
the  limits  of  this  pa})er  jiermit  me  to  mention  only  a  lew. 


*  Aciuliaii  rii'dlojiv.  1.  c. 

tCitcil  liy  Dr.  Kolil.  in  Coll.  Mi;.  lli>t.  Society,  N.  S.,  i.  ll<i. 


INDIAN    GrCOGKAPMICAL    NAMES. 


29 


1.  NiViii^',  'a  conior,  angle,  or  point.'  Tliis  is  a  vci'Ual, 
lofMii'd  IVoni  nd-i,  'it  is  angnlar,' '  it  «)?vie/'.s'.'  Eliot  wrote 
'^  i/aiie  nail/Ill/  wiiii"'  tor  the  •'  i'our  corners  of  a  lionse,"  .lob 
i.  19.  Soniernnes,  mil  receives,  instead  <jt'  the  Ibrniative  -ay, 
the  locative  allix  (ti(t'i-it  or  na'i-iit')  ;  sonietinies  it  is  used  as 
an  adjectival  prefixed  to  anke,  'land.'  One  or  another  of 
these  t'ornis  serves  as  tlie  name  of  a  great  nnniher  of  river 
and  sea-coast  '  jioints.'  In  Coiinectient,  we  find  a  '  Xai/au;/' 
at  the  southern  extremity  of  Mason's  Island  in  Mystic  Bay, 
and  '  Nounk'  (fornieily  written,  Nawea<^,  Naiwai/on/c,  Koiunk, 
&c.)  at  the  west  point  of  Mystic  River's  mouth,  in  (Jroton  ; 
N(Hi(/  or  Xot/iiii;/,  in  Glastenhury,  A'c.  In  Rhode  Island, 
JViu/dtl  or  Naifot  ]>oint  in  IJarrington,  on  Providence  Hay.  and 
XdJiijanxct  ov  Narragansett,  '  the  country  al)out  the  Point.'* 
On  Long  Island,  Ni/ack  on  Peconick  Hay,  Southampton,! 
and  another  at  the  west  end  of  the  Island,  opposite  Coney 
Island.  There  is  also  a  JVi/ark  on  the  west  side  of  the  Tai)pau 
Sea,  in  New  Jersey. 


2.  WoxKUN,  '  l)ended,'  'a  bend,'  was  sometimes  usetl  with- 
out atlix.  The  Al)naki  eipiivalent  is  (na"ijhhjhni^  '  courbe,' 
'croche'  (Ri'de).  Tliere  was  a  Wonfjiin,  ow  the  Connecticut, 
between  Clastenbnry  and  Wethersfield,  and  another,  more 
considerable,  a  few  nules  liclow,  in  Middletown.  AYonki  is 
found  in  c(mipound  names,  as  an  adjectival ;  as  in  WoHki-tuk, 
'bent  rivei','  on  the  (.Juinebaug,  lietween  J'laiirlield  and  Can- 
terbury,— written  l)y  early  recorders,  '  Wongattuck,'  '  Wau- 
ungatuck,'  tfcc,  and  at  last  transferred  from  its  jjroper  place 
to  a  hill  and  brook  west  of  the  river,  where  it  is  disguised  as 
NunkeiiHuk.  The  (Jreat  l>end  between  lladley  and  llatlield, 
Mass.,  was  called  Kuppo-wonkun-altk,  '  close  bend  jilace,'  or 
'place  shut-in  liy  a  bend.'  A  tract  of  meadow  west  of  this 
bead  was  called,   in    IbtlO,  '  ('appowongauick,'   and  '  Capa- 


*  Sl'c  A'an-wjausilt  < 'luh  Publications,  vol.  i.  p.  2-2  (note  <1). 
fOu  Block's  Map,  um;,  the  "  Nahk'ans  "  arc  markoil  on  tlie  eastern- 
most point  of  Lonij,-  Island. 


80 


THK   COMPOSITION   OP 


Avonk,'  and  still  ivtains,  1  bt-luivo,  the  lathM"  iinino.*  Wnn:>'- 
q}(doiiki>ki\  the  liniiaii  luiiuc  ol"  Hdx'klii'iii^c,  M!iss.,as  written 
by  Hr.  Edwards  in  tin;  Muhliucan  diak-cf',  dcscriltcs  "  a  bcnd- 
ot'-tlio-rivcr  jilacc." 

Anollu'r  Al)nal<i  word  meaning  'cnrved,'  '  crooiied,' — pik- 
ii"ilhi'n — occtn-s  in  Uie  name  J*i/c(("i//irnalilk,  now  •  Crooked 
Island,'  in  Penobscot  River. f 

3.  IIoCc^i'AiJN  (uiiQUoN,  EHot),  '  liook-sliapcd.'  'a  book," 
— is  the  liase  of  HdccdJiidii,  the  name  ol"  a  tract  of  land  and 
the  stream  which  Itounds  it,  in  East  ffartford,  and  of  other 
iroccanums,  in  Iladley  and  in  Yarmouth,  Mass.  llecke- 
welder:}:  wrote  '•  0/i'/nn:qii<Vi,  Wndk/ii'iff/iiiKiii,  or  (short)  lluc- 
quanr  lor  the  modern  '  ()cc(j(|nan,'  the  name  of  a  I'iver  in 
Virginia,  and  remarked:  "All  these  names  signify  a  hook.''' 
Canipanins  has  '  hdckuuij''  for  '  a  hook.' 

Harh'itHtu'k  may  have  had  its  name  from  the  haiuiiian-miik, 
'  hook  month,'  by  which  the  watei's  of  Newark  Bay  lind  their 
way,  around  Bergen  Point,  by  the  Kill  van  Cul,  to  New  York 
Bav. 


3.  ."^(')HK.  or  Sauk,  a  root  that  denotes  '  pouring  out,"  is  the 
Ijase  of  many  local  names  for  '  the  outlet'  or  '  discharge'  of  a 
river  or  lake.  The  Abnaki  I'ornjs,  .sii"<>-(itk,  '  sortie  de  la 
riviere  (sen)  la  source,'  and  sa'[ii'hrch''-t('i/(i>e  [=  Mass.  muki- 
iC»/r,]  gave  names  to  Sucu  in  Maine,  to  the  river  which  has 
its  ontliow  at  that  j)la('e,  and  to  Sugadahock  {sa"[/hede'-((ki), 
'land  at  tiie  mouth"  of  Ivenneijeck  river. 

S'aKcoiiy  the  name  (jf  a  creek  and  township  in  Northampton 
county,  Pcnn.,  "  denotes  (says  JIeckewelder§)  the  outlet  of 
a  smaller  stream  into  a  larger  one," — which  restricts  tiie 
denotation  too  narrowly.  The  name  means  "  the  outlet," — 
and  nothing  more.     Another  Soh'coon,  or  (with  the  locative) 


*,ruild's  History  nf  Iladley,  115,  IIG,  117. 

I^b'.  Moses  Greciileaf,  in  1823,  wrotn  this  name,  linhHiujinnihik. 

+  ()ii  Indian  names,  in  Trans.  Am.  Piiil.  Society,  N.  S..  vol.  iv.,  y  'y- 

§lliid.  p.  .'!•>". 


INDIAN   (iEOdllAlMIICAL  NAMFS. 


31 


Siiiih'iink,  "  at  tlie  mouth  "  ol"  ilic  l^ig  IJciivci-,  on  the  Ohio, — 
now  ill  the  towiishii)  (if  Uciivcr,  Pfiiii.. — avus  u  well  known 
I'cnih'/.vous  of  Indian  \v;ii'  |iiirti('s.* 

S'ai/(in<ni)ii,  Scuiana.  iiow  Sii(i!nan''\  l>ay,  on  Luke  irni'on, 
rocoivetl  its  name  from  ilio  month  ol'  the  river  wliieh  lh)\vs 
thronu'li  it  to  the  hike. 

The  Jlississ(i(/ux  were  peoph;  ol'  tlu;  missi-.san/c,  mlt^si-sai/ne, 
or  (with  h)eative)  iiuf!s-i-n(ik-iii(/,X  that  is  •  ureat  nutlet."  In 
the  last  half  of  the  seventeenth  cenlui'v  they  were  seated  on 
the  hanks  of  a  river  which  is  deserilied  as  llowinu'  into  Lake 
Huron  some  twenty  or  thirty  leauiies  south  of  th(!  Sanlt  Sto. 
Marii'  (tiie  same  river  proliahly  that  is  now  kimwn  as  the 
Mississauua,  emiityin,<>'  into  !Manitou  Bay,)  and  nearly  oppo- 
site the  Sti'aits  of  ilississanua  on  the  South  side  of  the  i!ay, 
lietween  Manitoulin  and  Cockhiu'u  Islands.  So  little  is  known 
however  of  the  history  and  miurations  of  this  jieople,  that  it 
is  perhaps  impossil)le  now  to  iih'ntil'y  the  '  jireat  outlet'  from 
which  they  Ih'st  liad  theii'  name. 

The  Sagvenai/  (Sagnay,  Sag'iie,  Sauhuny,  etc.),  the  great 
trihutary  (jf  the  St.  Lawrence,  was  so  called  either  from  the 
Avell-known  trading-place  at  its  mouth,  the  annual  resort  of 
the  ^h)ntagnars  and  all  the  eastern  ti'ihes,§  or  more  prohahly 
IVom  the  '  (irand  Hischarge'll  of  its  nniin  stream  from  Lake 
St.  John  and  its  strong  curi'cnt  to  and  past  the  rapids  at 
Chicoutimi,  and  thence  on  to  the  St.  Lawrence.^     Near  Lake 


*l'a|ii'r  on  ludiiiu  Nuiuos,  iit  huprn.  j).  .'>•>(!  ;  (ind  ?>  !Mass.  Historical  I'ol- 
li'Ctions,  \i.  It.").     [CcJinparc,  the  li'i)(|iiois  Swa-dt/i'  and  Oswa'-i/o  (iiiodcrn 
0.vW(7/(i),  wliic'h  lias  tlio  s^anic  meanini:-  as  \h^.  xanki, — "  llowinj^  ont."— 
Mon/dii'ti  l.eti<iH<'  of  the  Innjiiois.'] 
.  j;  Sai/iiliiam,  Charlevoix,  i.  '><>l;  iii.  "JTi). 

X  Uriaiioii.i  (les  Jr.s«(V«.\-',  ICoS.  ji.  :.':> ;  KliS,  p.  (12  ;  IHTl,  pp.  25,  .'51. 

§  Charli^vnix,  Noiiv.  France,  iii.  tl.j  ;  Gallatin's  Synops^is,  p.  21. 

II  This  name  is  still  retained. 

1l  AVlieu  first  discovered  the  Sagiienay  was  not  regarded  as  a  river,  hut 
as  a  strait  or  passaij;c  liy  which  tlic  waters  of  some  northern  sea  flowed  to 
the  St.  Lawrence.  But  on  a  French  map  of  l,')4;i,  the  '  R.  de  Sn^nay' 
and  the  countr\  ol'  •  Sairnav  "  are  laid  down.     See  Maine  Hist.  Soe.  Col- 


•.VI 


THE  COMPOSITION   OF 


St.  .rdiii  iiiid  the  Grand  nisclinrp'  was  anotlior  roiulozvons  of 
tlio  scattorrd  ti'il)os.  The  missionary  Saint-Simon  in  I'iTl 
doscriliod  tliis  jdaco  as  one  at  wliicli  '•  all  tlic  nations  inlialtit- 
in<r  t lie  fount I'v  between  tlio  two  seas  ( towai'(ls  the  east  and 
north)  asseml)led  to  barter  their  lurs."'  Hind's  Exploration 
of  Lahi'ador,  ii.  'I'-). 

in  eomposition  with  -tiil\  'river' or  •  ti(h(l  stream,'  mtild 
(adjeetival)  nave  nam(>s  to  '  Snukatttck,'  now  Sauii'atnek,  the 
month  of  a  rivei'  in  Fairfield  eonnty.  Conn. ;  to  •  Saivahqual- 
ook,''  01'  '  Sa/rkdtiick-et,'  at  the  outlet  of  Long  I'ond  oi-  mouth 
of  Herring  Rivei-,  in  FTai-wich,  ]\Iass. :  and  lun-haps  to  Max- 
saii^'aiiicket,  (^mlssl-.sai(/i-ilitk'-iif .'},  in  jMarshliold,  Mass.,  and 
in  South  Kingston,  R.  1., — a  name  whieh,  in  both  places,  has 
i)cen  shortened  to  Sa(|uatneket. 

"  Winnipiseogee'  (prononnecd  Win'  n!  jie  sauk'  c,')  is  coni- 
pounck'd  of  wiiini,  nipj>e,  and  !<i(hJci\  "  good-water  discharge,' 
and  the  name  must  have  lielonged  originally  to  the  outlet  by 
which  the  waters  of  the  lake  pass  to  the  M('rrimaek,  rather 
than  to  tlic  lake  itself.  ^Vinnepcsauke,  Wencpesioco  and 
(with  the  locative)  AVinnipesiockett,  are  among  tin;  early 
forms  of  the  name.  The  translation  of  this  synthesis  by 
'  the  Smile  of  the  (ireat  Spirit'  is  sheer  nonsense.  Another, 
first  proi»oscd  by  the  late  Judge  Potter  of  New  Hampshire, 
in  his  History  of  Manchester  (p.  27),* — 'the  beautiful  water 
of  the  high  i)lace,' — is  demonstrably  wrong.  It  assumes  that 
IX  or  cs'  represents  ]ceei<,  meaning  '  high  ;'  to  which  assump- 
tion there  are  two  objections  :  lirst,  that  there  is  no  evidence 
that  such  a  Avord  as  /cees,  meaning  '  high,' is  found  in  any 
Algonkin  language,  and  secondly,  that  if  there  be  such  a 
word,  it  nnist  retain  its  significant  root,  in  any  synthesis  of 
which  it  makes  part, — in  other  woi'ds,  that  /«v.s-  could  not 
drop  its  initial  k  and  preserve  its  meaning.  1  "was  at  first  in- 
clined to  accept  the  more  probable  translation  proposed  by 


lections,  2d  Serie;',  vol.  i.,  pj).  .'ilfl,  ;3.")4.     Charlevoix  gives  7^//(7uV*(r»//c/ie/;, 
as  till-  Inilian  name  of  tlio  IViver. 

*  And  in  tlie  Hhlorkal  Magadiie,  vol.  i.  p.  '24ii. 


INDIAN    CHOGKAPIIK'AL    NAMKS. 


88 


'S.  P.  S.'  [S.  p.  Stn'otor  ?]  in  the  Ilistoiiml  Magazine  lor 
Anuiist,  iMoT,* — '•  the  iiuul  of  tiic  jiliicid  or  Ix'tiutiriil  lala- :" 
liiit,  ill  tlio  tliiilocts  of  Now  Kuii'laiid,  /(!/>insKe  oi'  nips,  a 
(liniinutivc  of  nl/>/ir,  '  water,'  is  never  used  for  paxg-,  •  liil;e' 
or  ' -standing  water  :'-f-  and  if  it  wor('  sometimes  so  nsed,  the 
extent  of  Lake  Winneiiiseogee  loi'hids  it  to  be  classed  witli 
the  'small  lakes'  or  'ponds,'  to  which,  only,  th(3  diiiiiiuiUve 
is  appropi'iate. 


4.  Nashai'K'  (Chip.  mfHsaioan  nnd  axhaii'iwi).  'mid-way,' 
or  '  between,'  and  with  ohh  or  auk  added,  '  the  land  between' 
or  '  the  liall'-way  jihu'e,' — was  the  name  of  several  loealities. 
The  ti'aet  on  which  Lancaster,  in  Worcester  comity  (Mass.) 
was  settled,  was  '  l)etween'  the  branches  of  the  river,  and  so 
it  was  called  '  jVushdiraij'  or  ^  Naxhawake''  {na.^huur-u/ike')  ; 
and  this  name  was  afttu'wards  transferred  from  the  territory 
to  the  river  itself.  There  was  another  XasJin/rai/  in  Coiineet- 
icnt,  between  Qniimeliang  and  Pive-Mile  Rivers  in  Windham 
county,  and  here,  too,  the  mutilated  name  of  the  naslKtiic-nlike 
was  transferred,  as  Axhawoii  or  Assawo;/,  to  the  Pive-Mile 
River.  uVal(-/t<ni(/  in  the  same  county,  the  name  of  the  east- 
ern branch  of  Shetucket  river,  belongeil  originally  to  the 
tract  "  between '  the  eastern  and  western  1  (ranches  ;  and  the 
Shetucket  itself  borrows  a  name  (^naKJuitie-tiilMit}  from  its 
place  'between'  Yantic  and  Quiuebang  rivers.  A  neck  of 
land  (now  in  (Iriswold,  Conn.)  "  between  Pachaug  River 
and  a  brook  that  comes  into  it  from  the  south,"  one  of  the 
Mnhhekan  east  boundaries,  was  called  sometimes,  S/noi'irun/,-, 
'  at  the  place  between," — sometimes  Shawwdnui<i  (jtanhant'- 
amau(j'),  '  the  lishing-place  between'  the  rivers,  or  the  '  half- 
way fishing-place. 'I 


»  Vol.  i.  p.  -'ID.  fSee  pp.  11,  1.".. 

t  Cluindk'r's  Survoy  mid  Map  oftlie  .Muliegan  country.  ITu.J.     Ciiiiiparc 
the  Chip.  ashitiriiri-yil(i(/oii.,  ''a  placo  fmiii  which  water  runs  twd  ways,"  u 
dividing  ridgo  or  portage  hctircen  river  courses.     Owen's  Geologiciil  Sur- 
vey of  Wisconsin,  etc.,  p.  •il'J. 
O 


84 


Till';   COMI'()SITK)N    Ol' 


T).  ArtiiiM,  is  once  UHod  Uy  Kliot  (C'lmt.  iv.  1"2")    lor  '  loiin- 
tain.'     It  (IcnotcMl  n  sprlii!''  or  liroolv   IVoin  wliii'li  water  was 
obtaiiK'd  lor  ilrinkiiiu'.      In  the  Almaki,  aslem  iirln',  '  il  |»iiiso 
(Ic  Trail ;'  and  )icd-a''iiiliihe^ '  je  iMiiso  de  Toaii, ,/""''  cr(  Jluvio. 
(Raslcs.) 

Winne-anhlm-iit,  'at  tlio  good  spring,'  near  RcMuncy  Marsli, 
is  now  Clielsea,  Mass.  Tlif  nanio  appeal's  in  deeds  and  rec- 
ords as  WiiinisiniMiet,  AViniseinit,  Winnet  Seniet,  etc.  Tlie 
author  of  tlio  'New  Englisli  Canaan'  inlbrins  us  (liook  2,  eli. 
S),  that  "At  Weeunifcinutc  is  a  water,  the  virtue  wliereof  is, 
"to  cure  iiarrennesse.  'I'lie  plaee  taketh  his  naiue  of  that 
"  fountaine,  which  signilieth  iiidck  spring,  ov  qiiicfcniiif;  spririif. 
"  l*rol)atuni." 

As/iiinidt  or  Slnonuit,  an  Indian  village  near  the  line  he- 
tween  Sandwich  and  Falmouth,  Mass., — Shainne,  a  neck  and 
river  in  Sandwich  (the  Chaumm  of  Capt.  John  Smith  "'), — 
ShlitiDt'idh,  an  Indian  village  on  Nantucket, — may  all  have 
derived  their  names  from  springs  resorted  to  hy  the  natives, 
as  was  suggested  hy  the  Rev.  Samuel  Deane  in  a  pai)er  in 
Mass.  Ilixf.  (Ji'lhctiuna,  2d  Series,  vol.  x.  pp.  17J5,  174. 


t).  Mattappan,  a  participle  of  mattappi-  (Chip.  namdluM), 
'  he  sits  down,'  denotes  a  'sitting-down  plai.u,'  or,  as  generally 
employed  in  local  names,  the  end  of  a  portage  between  two 
rivers  or  from  one  arm  of  the  sea  to  another,  —  where  the 
canoe  was  launched  again  and  its  bearers  rc-einl)arked.  Rtlle 
translates  the  Al)naki  e(|iiivalent,  mnla"h',  by  '  il  va  an  bord 
de  Teau, — a  la  gre\e  [xmr  s'embaniuer,'  and  meta"bi'ni(janik, 
l)y  '  ail  bout  de  dela  du  portage.' 

Mntlapan-ock,  afterwards  shortened  to  iMaitapan,  that  part 
of  Dorchester  Neck  (South  JJoston)  where  "  the  Avest  coun- 
try jjeople  were  set  down"  in  1G:)0,*  may  have  been  so  called 
because  it  was  the  end  of  a  carrying  place  from  South  JJay  to 
Dorchester  Bay,  across  the  narrowest  part  of  the  peninsula, 
or — as  seems  highly  probable — because  it  was  the  temporary 


*  Blake's  Annals  of  Doivlicstur,  p.  !• :  Winthrop's  .[oiii-nMl.  vol.  i.  p.  2S. 


INDIAN    GEUiiUAl'HICAL   NAMKS. 


86 


'  siftiii^-clo-,vii  |ila(!o'  of  tlio  now  coni(>rs.     Klsowliortj,  we  (iiul 
(lit'  iiiiiiK!  ovidently  assoiMatcil  willi  porfiit/e. 

On  Siuith's  Mn|»  of  Viru,iiiiii,  uwv  '  Muttapanient'  appoiirs 
as  tlio  name  of  the  iioitlicni  loik  (now  IIh-  MatUiponii)  of 
I'anuinnlv  (York)  Rivoi- ;  another  {Moff/Hiniiut)  iiear  (he 
head  waters  of  tlie  I'awtuxunt  ;  and  a  third  on  the  •  Chicka- 
haniania'  not  far  above  its  eonduence  with  I'owhatan  (.hunes) 
River. 

Maftapoisef,  on  an  inlet  of  IJuzzard's  Ray,  in  Rocliester, 
Mass., — anotlier  Mattapoiset  or  '  Aratta[)uyst,'  now  (Jardner's 
Xeck,  in  Swanzea, — and  '  >Mattiipcaset '  uv  "  Mnttahesie,"  on 
the  great  bend  of  (he  Cunneetieiit  (now  Middletown),  derived 
their  names  from  the  same  won!,  prol)al)ly. 

On  a  map  of  Jiako  Snperior,  made  by  Jesnit  missionaries 
and  published  in  Paris  in  1(J72,  the  stream  wliich  is  marked 
on  modem  maps  as  'Riviere  aiix  'I'raines'  or  'Train  River,' 
is  named  '  R.  Malahnn.''  Tlie  small  lake  from  whieli  it  flows 
is  the  'end  of  portage'  between  the  waters  of  liuko  Aliehigau 
and  those  of  Lake  Superior. 


7.  Chabknuk,  '  a  bound  mark  ;'  lit(!rally,  '  that  whieh  sepa- 
rates or  divides.'  \  hill  in  Griswold,  Conn.,  which  was 
aneiently  one  of  the  Muhhekan  east  bound-marks,  was  ealled 
Chabinu"k,  '  Atehanbennuek,'  and  '  Chaljunnuck.'  The  vil- 
lage of  praying  Indians  in  Dudley  (now  Webster?)  Mass., 
was  named  Chahanakonijkumulc  (Eliot,  1GC8,)  or  -ong-kuniuin, 
and  the  CJreat  I'ond  still  retains,  it  is  said,  the  name  of  Chau- 
benagunganuiug  (chahmukong-ammitj .'),  "the  boundary  lish- 
ing-place."  This  pond  was  a  bounil  mark  between  the  Nip- 
mucks  and  the  Muhhekans,  and  was  resorted  to  l)y  Indians  of 
both  nations. 


ij.  ■■  ^v. 


III.  Particiiiials  and  verl)als  employed  as  place-names  may 
generally,  as  was  before  remarked,  be  referred  to  one  or  the 
other  of  the  two  preceding  classes.  The  distinction  between 
noun  and  verb  is  less  clearly  marked  in  Indian  grammar  than 
in  English.     The  name  Mushauwomuk  (corrupted  to  iShmv- 


86 


TIIK   ((IMPOSITION    OF 


vuW)  niiiy  Itc  I'Ciiiirilcd  us  m  |iiii'lici|il('  IVoiii  tlic  vci'l)  »iiix/i- 
aiiiniii  (Xiiir.  iiils/iniiit/i'ijii )  '  lie  ^nes  liy  liMiit," — or  us  ii  iiouii, 
nicnniiiii  '  a  TcriT.' — or  us  a  iiiiiiic  ol'  tlic  I'lrNt  cliiss.  coiii- 
poiiiii|('(|  of  the  ii(l_i('('tiviil  iinix/iiii-ii,  '  lioiit  or  cuiioi'/  mid 
ii'i'hini-iik,  luiliituiil  or  ciistoiiiiuv //"/////,  i.(;..  '  wlicrc  there  is 
goiiiti-hy-lHjfit.' 

Tlic  iiiiiilysis  of  iiuiiii's  of  this  chiss  is  not  easy.  In  most 
ciisos,  its  results  must  lie  reuar(h'(l  iis  merely  provisiiiiiiil. 
Without  some  v\w\  supplied  hy  history  or  tradilioii  and  wilh- 
oiit  accurate  knowhMltic  of  tli(!  locality  to  which  the  iiamo 
l)t'loiij;s,  or  Ih  t^iipiuiHCil  to  lieloiiji',  one  can  never  he  certain  of 
haviuji'  found  the  riiilit  key  to  the  synthesis,  however  well  it 
may  seem  to  lit  the  lock.  Ivxperieiicc  ^layliew  wi'itini;'  from 
(^hiliimrk  on  Martha's  N'incyiird,  in  ITiiJ,  ji'ivcs  the  Indian 
name  of  the  plac(!  \vh(>re  he  was  liviiiu'  as  Xliii/i(tinf/,'hlrkunii/i. 
If  li(^  had  not  added  the  information  that  the  name  "  sij>'- 
nilies  ill  EiiLiiish,  i'/ic  /ihicr  of  t/iioiilrr  c/r/'/x,"  and  that  if 
was  so  called  "  l)ecaus(>  there  was  once  a  tree  there  split  in 
pieces  hy  the  tliundcr,"  it  is  not  likely  that  any  one  in  this 
generation  would  have  discovered  its  precise  nieaning, — 
though  it  might  have  heen  con_joctured  that  ncini/xiii,  or  iilni- 
haii,  '  thunder,'  made  a  part  of  it. 

(^h(ili'(f(/»ieiul('  was  (lleckew(dder  tells  us*)  the  Dehiwaro 
name  of  a  jilaee  on  the  Suscpu'hanna,  in  Pennsylvania,  whore, 
as  the  Indians  say,  ''  in  their  wars  with  the  Five  Nations,  they 
fell  liy  surprise  upon  their  enemies.  The  woimI  or  name  of 
this  place  is  thendore,  W/iere  ice  citinc  iiiiaicares  ii/iuii  t/ievi, 
ttc."  Without  the  tradition,  the  meaning  of  the  nanuMvould 
not  have  been  guessed, — or,  if  guessed,  would  not  liavc^  iieen 
confidently  accejited. 

The  diniculty  of  analyzing  such  names  is  greatly  increased 
by  the  fact  that  they  come  to  ns  in  corrupt  forms.  The 
same  name  may  be  found,  in  early  records,  written  in  a 
dozen  different  ways,  and  some  three  or  four  of  these  may 
admit  of  as  many  diflbrent  translations.     Indian  grammatical 

*  On  Iiiilian  Naiiics.  in  7Vrt;/.s'.  Am.  Philos.  Socif/i/,  X.  S.  iv.  ."itll. 


IMHAS    (;i:n(;i!Ai>|||('.\|,    NAMKS. 


•X 


MVlitlicsis  WHS  r.fiirl.      Kvcry  ripiisdiiiiiit    ;iii(l   rvci'v  vowol   linil 

its  ullii'i'  ami   ils  |ilii(;i'.     Nnt   mik nlil   lie  (Ii'ii|i|hm|  or  trims- 

|ii»st'i|.  iiur  I'oiild  (Hii-  III'  ,'i(|i|('(|.  witliniit  f/itini/<'  of  iii<(tiiln'f. 
Now  most  of  the  liidiiiii  local  iiniiics  wcrt!  lirsf,  wiilti'ii  liy 
iiii'ii  who  cin'c'il  iioiliiiiii'  lor  their  iiiciviiiiijr  iiml  knew  notliliitf 
of  the  laiiu'iiii^cs  to  wliiili  tlicy  hcloiiu't'd.  (M'tln'  I'ruwlio 
hail  Iranii'il  (o  sprak  mii'  or  iiiorr  o|'  tlicsi'  laii'j,'iiat:rs.  no  two 
ai|o|itri|  the  saiiio  way  ol'  writiiiu'  thi'in,  ami  no  om — John 
I'lliot  i'xci'|itr'i| — a|i|»i'a!s  to  liavi'  lici'ii  at  all  rarcl'iil  to  write 
tli(!  siuiii'  woril  twice  alike,  in  the  seventeenth  eentnry  men 
look  eonsiileralile  liliertics  with  the  s|ieHinL!'  ol'  tlieii'  own  snr- 
nanies  ami  veiw  laruo  liliorty  with  i'lniilish  polysyllaliles — 
es|ie('ially  with  local  names.  Scrihes  who  contri\ei|  to  liml 
live  or  six  ways  of  writinti'  '  llartlorir  or  •  Wetherslielil,' 
were  not  likely  to  preserve  nnitormily  in  ihcir  dealiiiL's  with 
Imlian  names.  A  lew  letters  more  or  li'ss  were  of  no  nreat 
conseipienco,  Imt,  generally,  the  writers  trieil  to  keep  on  the 
safe  siije,  liy  puttinu'  in  as  many  as  they  conkl  liml  room  lor  ; 
prellxinu'  a  c  to  every  /".  ilonhlinu'  every  ir  ami  //,  ami  tuckiii«i; 

on  a  snperllnuns  final  e,  lor  li' I  measni'o. 

In  sonic  instances,  what  is  supposed  to  he  an  Indian  place- 
name  is  in  fact  a  jh'i'xunnl  name,  liorrowed  IV  ini  some  sachem 
or  chief  who  lived  on  or  claimed  to  own  the  tin-ritory. 
Names  of  this  class  are  likely  to  j:ive  (I'onblo  to  translators. 
1  was  pn/./led  for  a  lono;  lime  \)y  *  Midiiim,'  the  name  of  a 
stream  hetwecn  Stamford  and  Greenwich, —  lill  I  i-cmeni- 
i)erecl  that  Mai/ano,  an  Indian  wairior  (who  was  killed  hy 
Capt.  I'atrick  in  1(j4->)  had  lived  hereahonts;  ami  on  search- 
ing the  (Jreonwich  r )rds,  1  fonnd  the  strciim  was  liist  men- 
tioned as  3fiijaini<ic!<;\n(\  Mflmtnio's  creek,  and  that  it  honnded 
'  Moyannoe's  neck"  of  land.  Mndfiii/t  river,  which  Hows  west- 
erly through  Plainlield  into  the  (^uinehaug  and  which  has 
given  names  to  a  Mnst-ottice  and  factory  village,  was  formerly 
Moottiip^s  river,—  osup  or  M(iiii<xi(/>  being  oni'  of  the  aliases 
of  a  Narragansett  sii.hem  who  is  better  known,  in  the  history 
of  Philip's  war,  as  I'essacns.      Ifeckewelder*  restores  '  I'yma- 


*  Oil  Iniii;in  Xiimcs  (ut  oipra)  p.  lifia. 


;}H 


THK   COMPOSITION    OK 


>  t  '■ 


tuning,'  the  name  of  a  [ilaco  in  Ponnsylviinin,  to  the  Pol. 
'  Plhmtdniiik,''  nic'iininjr,  '•  tlu'  ihvolliiiu'  plaiMi  of  the  man  wi(Ii 
the  erookeil  nioutli,  or  the  crooiaMl  niiiii's  (Iwclliii^'  plaec," 
and  adds,  tliat  he  "  knew  the  man  perl'eetly  well,"  who  gave 
this  name  to  the  hjcality. 

Some  of  the  examples  which  have  lioen  given, — such  as 
IIU/i/ani(m,  Niinker/iin/c,  Shairtiiiit,  Swumscut  antl  Tit  text., — 
— show  how  tlie  dilliculties  of  analysis  have  lieen  increased  hy 
phonetic  corruption,  sometimes  to  such  a  degree  as  hardly 
to  leave  a  trace  of  the  original.  Another  and  not  less  strik- 
ing example  is  presented  by  Snipaic,  the  modern  name  of  a 
pond  between  Ellington  and  'J'olland.  If  wo  had  not  access 
to  Chandler's  Survey  of  the  Mohcgau  Country,  made  hi 
1705,  who  would  suppose  that  •  Snipsic'  was  the  surviving 
representative  of  Moshenupsuck,  'great-pond  brook' or  (lit- 
erally) '  great-pond  outlet,'  at  the  south  end  of  MoHlienupH  or 
Mashcnips  'great  pond?'  The  tei'ritories  of  three  nations, 
the  Muhhckans,  Niimnicks  and  River  Indians,  ran  together 
at  this  point. 

'  Namcroakc,'  '  Namarcck''  or  -  Xamelakc,''  in  East  Windsor, 
was  transformed  to  May-Juck,  giving  to  a  l)rook  a  name  which 
'  tradition'  derives  from  the  '  luck'  of  a  party  of  emigrants 
who  came  in  '  May'  to  the  Connecticut.*  The  original  name 
appears  to  have  been  the  equivalent  of  'Namcaug'  or  '  Nam- 
eoke'  (New  London),  and  to  mean  'the  fishing  place, — 
n^amaiifj  or  nama-olikc. 

But  none  of  these  names  exhibits  a  more  curious  transform- 
ation than  that  of  '  Bajadoo^e'  or  '  Biyaduci',^  a  peninsula  on 
the  cast  '^ide  of  Penobscot  Bay,  now  Castine,  ]\Ic.  AVilliam- 
son's  History  of  Maine  (ii.  572)  states  on  the  authority  of 
Col.  J.  Wardwell  of  Penobscot,  in  1820,  that  this  point  bore 
the  name  of  a  former  resident,  a  Ercnchman,  one  '  Major 
Biguyduco.'  Afterwards,  the  historian  was  informed  that 
'  Marche  bayyducc '   was  an  Indian  word  meaning  '  no  good 


*  Stiles's  History  of  Ancient  Windsor,  p.  111. 


or 


INDIAN    GEOGRAPHICAL   NAMKS. 


89 


covo.'  Ml'.  Joseph  Willianisou,  in  a  paper  in  tlic  IMaiiie  His- 
torical .Society's  Collections  (vol.  vi.  p.  107)  idenfifies  this 
name  with  llie  3Iutchebii/i((iin^  of  Edward  Winslow's  (piit- 
claini  to  Massachnsetts  in  1(144,*  and  correctly  translates  the 
prolix  matehe  l)y  '  bad,'  but  adds  :  "  Wliat  Bu/italtis  means,  1 
do  not  know."  Purchas  mentions  "•  Chebei/Hndone,'  as  an 
Indian  town  on  the  '  Apananawapeske '  or  Penobscot. f  Ralo 
gives,  as  the  name  of  the  place  on  "  the  river  where  M.  de 
Gastin  [Castinc]  is,"  Mats'd>ltiii>ad<iis><ck,  and  on  liis  anthority 
we  may  accept  this  form  as  nearly  representing  the  original. 
The  analysis  now  l)econies  more  easy.  JJi(tsi-a"l>(((/a(i)(U-ek, 
means  '  at  the  bad-shelter  jdace, — bad  covert  or  cove  ;'  and 
mat»i-a"ha(:ian)at(i)s-ek.  is  the  diminntive, '  at  the  small  bad-shel- 
ter place."  About  two  n)iles  and  a  half  aliove  the  month  of 
the  Kenebec  was  a  place  called  by  the  Indians  -  Abcuiadusset'' 
or  '■  Ahcqitaduxft'' — the  same  name  without  the  prefix — mean- 
ing '  at  the  cove,  or  place  of  shelter.'' 


The  adjectivals  employed  in  the  composition  of  Algonkin 
names  are  very  mimerons,  and  hardly  admit  of  classification. 
Noun,  adjective,  adverb  or  even  an  active  verb  nuiy,  with 
slight  change  of  form,  serve  as  a  prefix.  But,  as  was  be- 
fore remarked,  every  prefix,  strictly  considered,  is  an  adverb 
or  nnist  be  construed  as  an  adverb, — the  synthesis  which 
serves  as  a  name  having  generally  the  verb  form.  Some  of 
the  most  common  of  these  prefixes  liave  been  mentioned  on 
preceding  pages.  A  few  others,  whose  meanings  are  less  ob- 
vious and  have  been  sometimes  mistaken  by  translators,  uiay 
deserve  more  particular  notice. 

1.  PoHQUr,  POHQUAE';  Narr.  pdiiqui ;  Abn.  pm'-kmie ; 
'open,' 'clear'  (primarily, '  brokeu').  In  composition  with 
ohke,  '  land,'  or  iormed  as  a  verbal  in  -a////,  it  denotes  '  cleared 
land'  or  'an  open  place:'  as  in  the  names  variously  written 
'  Pahquioque,'  *  i'a(]uiaug  ;'  '  l'y(iuaag  ;'  '  Po(puug,'  '  I'ayqua- 
oge,'  etc.,  in  I)anl)ury  and  Wetherslield,  and  in  Atliul,  Mass. 


*I'rinteil  in  noto  to  Savage's  Winthrop's  Journal,  ii.  \m. 

fScf  Tliornton's  Ancicnl  l\Mnai|iii(l,  in  Maine  Hist.  ("oUcctions,  v.  15(!. 


40 


1  '^ 


\i^' 


THE   COMPOSITION    OP 


I    1 


L*.  I'aiikI';  (Aim.  /)ti"i/'i>l.)  'clt^ir."  'pii-c'.  Fouiul  with 
jHiiii/,  '  staiidiiiti'  wiitcr"  or  •  pond."  in  such  names  as  •  I'alu'U- 
poji','  '  l*a(inul)au,ii','  A'c     See  pauc  10. 

•■{.  l*A(iUAN-Ai;,  '  he  destroys,'  •  he  shiimhti'rs*  ( Xan*.  /xn'i- 
(jiKiiKi,  '•  thi'n;  is  a  shiii^'htei'' )  in  oouqiositimi  willi  o/ikc  iW- 
iiutcs  '  phice  of  shmg'liler"  nv  '  ol'  destnicJioii,"  and  coiniiKMn- 
oratcs  some  saiiuniiiiary  vietoiy  or  disastrous  defeat.  Tliis  is 
prohdhhi  the  incaniiig  of  nearly  all  the  names  wi'itten  •  l*o- 
qiiaiiiioc,'  '  PetjuaniUK;.'  'Pauuaimek,'  ttc,  of  jtlaces  in  IJridiiO- 
poi't  (Stratfu'ld),  Windsor  and  (Jroton,  (Joiin.,  and  of  a  town 
in  New  Jersey.  Some  ol'  these,  however,  may  possiltly  Ix' 
derived  from  pan /<: mini  and  "/i/ic,  'dark  |)laee.' 

4.  Pkmi  (Ahn.  pei/Kii-dii ;  Del.  />ime-ii ;  Cvco,  peemt' :) 
denotes  deviation  from  a  straiuht  line:  '  sloping,'  'aslant.' 
'twisted.'  l'UM.Mi:i:cHi':  (('rce,  pimlc/i ;  Chi[>.  /iciin'Ji;  Ahn. 
pri)i('t)<i;)  'crosswise;  ti'averse.'  Eliot  wrote  '■  pHintiieeche 
man''  1"!'  '  <-'i'oss-way,'  Oliad.  14  :  and  /nmiet.-Jiin  (literally,  'it 
crosses')  for  'a  cross,' as  in  iip-/iiiiti(t)</(i»-(Hin,  'his  cross,' 
Lnke  xiv.  27.  J^cini/i-i/oDic  or  Pcinlii-i/iiiixi,  'cross  water,'  is 
the  Chippewa  name  for  a  lake  whose  longest  iliameter  crosses 
the  general  course  of  the  river  which  tlows  thi'ough  it, — 
which  stretches  dcrosx,  not  irllh  the  sti-eani.  Then.'  is  such  a 
lake  in  ^linnesota.  near  the  sources  of  the  Alississipjti,  just 
belov,'  the  junction  of  the  two  primary  forks  of  that  river; 
another  (' Pemijigome ')  in  the  chain  of  small  lakes  which 
are  the  northern  sources  of  the  !Manidowish  (and  Chi[)pewa ) 
River  in  Wisconsin,  and  still  another  near  the  Lacs  dcs  Flani- 
heaux,  the  source  of  Fland)eau  River,  an  aflluent  of  the  Man- 
idowish. 

The  same  prefix  or  its  e([uivaleiit  occurs  in  the  name  of  a 
lake  in  Maine,  near  the  source  of  the  Aliigash  liranch  of  St. 
John's  River.  Mr.  (Jreenleaf,  in  a  list  of  Indian  nani<\s 
made  in  ISii:'),*  gave  this  as  '  WwM'cHKniii/i/diiio  or  .l/<]''iM00- 
iV.v^ni'gniookS'      Thoreauf   was   informe(l    liy   his   Penobscot 


*lleiiortol'  Auiericiiii  Socii'ty  lor  I'ruiuutiiiy'  Civili/atiuii  of  tin;   IiiiUun 
Triln's.  J).  r>2. 

t  Maine  W Is.  •_';)•.'. 


\s^ 


INDIAN   OKOGRAPIIICAL   N  \MES. 


41 


guide,  that  the  namo  "  moans  '  Lako  that  is  crossed  ;'  l)ccause 
the  usual  course  lies  acn)ss,  not  ah)ng  it."  TIkm'c  is  another 
"  Cross  LalvC,"  in  Aroostook  county,  near  the  head  of  Fish 
River.  We  seem  to  recognize,  and  with  less  difliculty,  the 
same  prefix  in  /'cmir/eirassct,  l)ut  the  full  com})osition  of  that 
name  is  not  clear. 

Pemi-  denotes,  not  a  cro^sKi'iif/  of  l)ut  deviation  fnnn  a 
straight  line,  Avhethei'  vertical  or  horizontal.  In  i)lace-names 
it  may  generally  Ix-  translated  Ity  '  sloping'  or  '  aslant ;'  some- 
times hy  '  awry'  or  '  lortnoiis.'  Pentadeiir,  which  RrUe  gives 
as  the  Alinaki  word  for  •  mountain,'  denotes  a  slopiw/  moun- 
tain-side (pemi-adeiie),  in  distinction  from  one  that  is  steep 
or  ]»recipitous.  '■Pemefiq,''  the  Indian  name  of  Mount  Desert 
Island,  as  written  hy  Father  Uiard  m  1011,  is  the  Ahnaki 
penit"t('/ii,  '  sloping  land.'  Pcniai/idd  appears  to  he  another 
form  of  the  m'oimI  Avhich  Rtlle  wrote  'P(i)i((a"/ih'i\'  meaning 
(with  the  locative  suffix)  '  at  the  place  where  the  land  slopes;' 
where  "  le  terre  penche  ;  est  en  talus.":}:  Pipiialnnin(j,  in 
Pennsylvania,  is  explained  hy  Ileckewelder,  as  *•  the  dwell- 
ing ])lace  of  the  man  with  the  crooked  mouth  :  PiJnntdnink'"' 
(from  piini'K  and  'ttmi). 

Wanasiique,  ANASgtJi,  '  at  the  cxti'emity  of,'  '  at  the  end  ;' 
Ahn.  nxoiaskiinihi,  -  nu  lunit ;'  Cree.  itunuuishnti'h  ;  Chip. 
ishkur,  enlKjiia.  See  ( pp.  18,  lU,)  Wainishqii-oiiipsk-nt,  Won- 
neK(/nam,^  lVi)ni(s(/iiai)ii<aHkit,  Sqiiamscot,  W<)nas(juut\i('ket^  a 
small  river  which  divides  North  Providence  and  Johnston, 
R.I.,  retains  the  name  which  helonged  to  the  point  at  which 
it  enters  an  arm  of  Narra'gansett  Ray  (or  Providence  River), 
'  at  the  end  of  the  tidal-river.'  A  stream  in  Rochester,  Mass., 
which  empties  into  i\v\  head  of  an  inlet  from  Buzzard's  Bay, 
received  tho  same  name.    Ishtp((ii/'i)na,  on  the  upper  Emharras 


*  Abnaki  Dictionary,  s.  v.   I'lCNtiir.u.      Compare,  p.   alo,  ''bimkuh',  11 
punclie  iiatiirollt'inoiit  la  tOtf  siir  im  cote." 

t  Wo)tncs(/uftiii  (as  slioulil  have  lii'en  iiR'Htioued  on  tliu  pajio  roil'rretl  to) 
may  possii)ly  represent  tlie  Ahnaki  (ii(wa.''k-Wii"(i"inl(i.ii  or  -mck;  •  at  the  end 
of  tlie  peninsula'  (•  au  hoiit  do  la  pres(|u'ile.'     Rale), 
(i 


•  ^'  > 


\' 


42 


THK    CuMPdSlTION    01" 


liivcr,   Miiiiit'sota,  is  tlio  'end  lake'  tlir   cxfrcine   i)()iiit   to 
wliicli  ciuiocs  iio  u)»  that  stiTtmi. 

Names  of  //.s7/('.s  siipjdy  Ww  adjectival  coiupoiiejits  of  many 
place-names  un  the  sea-coast  of  New  Enuiand,  on  the  lal<es, 
and  aluiiu'  river-coiirscs.  Tlie  dilliculty  of  analyzinji'  such 
names  is  the  greater  liecausc  the  same  species  of  iisli  was 
i<no\vu  liy  dillerent  names  to  different  tril)es.  The  more 
eommoji  suhstantivals  aie  -(tiiiaiii/,  '  fisluuii'  phice  :  -tiik  or 
sipu,  'river;*  o/i/>'('.  '  phice  ;'  Aim.  -kd  It!,  '  ]ilace  of  aliimd- 
anco ;'  and  -kca;/,  -/ccki\  Aim.  -kJtiije,  which  a|i|)ears  to  denote 
a  |ieculiar  mode  "f  jii^Jiln;/. — [lerhaps,  i)y  a  ircir  :*  possibly,  a 
spearing-placi'. 

From  the  generic  naiiuiHa  (ndnmhs,  El.  ;  Aim.  nunu's  ;  Del. 
nuiiices  :)  'a  lish" — liut  probahly,  one  of  the  sinaller  sort,  for 
the  form  is  a  diminutive, — (.'onu'  such  names  n<.  Xn invoke  ov 
Xameaiii)  (New  London),  for  nKiiiau-o/iki\  '  lish  country  ;' 
Xiuiianket  or  Xaitiasseket  (on  Taunton  River,  iu  Middle- 
horough,  Mass.)  '  at  the  lish  place,"  a  favorite  resort  of  the 
Indians  of  that  I'cgion  ;  Xamaxk('((k,  now  Amoskeag,  on  the 
Merrimack,  and  XanCskekd  or  Skcekert,  in  Wellfleet,  Mass. 

.\l's(/iia}ii)H((ii</  (Ahn.  )iici<kfiiai)i('k<i)^.  'red  lish,'  i.e.  salmon, 
gave  names  to  several  localities.  Mixquainaciii'k  or  iSqiiaini- 
ciit,  now  Westerly,  11. 1.,  was  '  a  salmon  place'  of  the  Xarra- 
gansctts.  The  initial  m  often  disap[)cars  :  and  sometimes,  so 
much  of  the  rest  of  the  name  goes  with  it,  that  we  can  only 
guess  at  the  original  synthesis.  ■  (umlc,"  a  post  office  and 
railroad  station,  near  Dover.  N.ll.,  on  the  Cochcco  river,  was 
once  '  SqiKUinuiiijonic,' — and  jjrohably,  a  salnion-lishing  place. 
Kafqnisli  (Aim.  kahasi^r,  plu.  kahasxak),  'sturgeon,'  is  a 
com])onent  of  the  name  Co/ilHUf^eeconlce,  \n  Maine;  (i)age2t). 
ante),  '  where  sturgeons  are  plenty;'  and  Cohsniok,  an  ai'in 
of  I'assamaquoddy  i>ay,  I'embroke,  Me.,  pcihaps  stands  for 
kabuiisuk/t !</(',  '  sturgeon-catching  place.' 


*  Schoolcraft  derives  flic  iiiiiiu'  ot"  the  Xiima/cdj/ini  fork  of  the  St.  C'roi.x 
rivev,  AVisc.  Iroiii  ('iii|).  •' hunmi.  stiirtreon.  Mini  bif/iin,  a  yoke  of  weii-."" 


Ay    ^ 


FNDIAN    (JKOOHAIMIH'AI.    NAMKS. 


4:5 


AinnHHoii  oi'  Ominissii"'/  (  Al)ii.  ii"iiii<ii)ak),  •  sniiill  I'sli," — 
especially  alewives  and  horrings, — is  a  conipunent  nl"  the  name 
of  the  Ahnaki  villau'c  on  the  Konnel)Cc,  A"mexink-ka"Ui  \  ol" 
MattmnmiHronils,  a  trihutary  ol'  the  KonneluH;  (see  p.  '2o, 
ante),  and  prohahlij,  ot"  AuioKcni/i/in  and  Amoiikeaj. 

QiinnoKu  ()»1.  -xit'ii/ :  Al)n.  honi/isi' ;  (.)ld  AIl!".  Mho"])' ; 
Chip,  kem/zlm  ;')  is  t'uuml  in  the  name  of  Keuos/m,  a  town 
and  county  in  Wisconsin  ;  pci'liaps,  in  Kt'HJua  oi-  JCeitnia 
creek  and  township,  in  WaiTen  county,  Pa.  Qidnshepatii/  or 
Qito)hs/i<tpaii!fL\  in  Mendon,  Mass.,  seems  to  denote  a  '  pickerel 
pond'  {(jHnnosii-puiiif^.  .Uanklnoriyr,  i.i.'.  /»a.s.^rt-/c/Ho'|;V, "  ureat 
pike'  or  niaskclunn'e,  names  a  river  and  lake  in  Canada. 

Pf'.xeatiDii,  said  to  mean  '  pollock,"  occurs  as  an  adjectival 
in  Pet^kadamifnikka" Iti ,  Ww  modern  Pitssamdfjunddji  (p.  2d). 

Xaha"m(ii,  the  Al)naki  name  of  the  •  eel,'  is  found  in  "  Ne- 
hutnkea;/,  the  English  of  which  is  Eel  Land,  ....  a  stream 
or  hrook  that  empties  itself  into  Kennehee  River,"  not  far 
from  Col)l)isseeontee.*  Tliis  l)rook  was  sometimes  called  liy 
the  Eng-lish,  Xelmmkrc  The  Indian  name  of  Salem,  ^fas.s.. 
was  Nckiniikeke  or  Naihukea;/,  and  a  place  on  tlu;  Meri'imac, 
near  the  mouth  of  ('oncord  River  (now  in  Ijowell,  I  l)elievc,) 
had  the  same  name, — ^yritten,  Naainkcak. 


}■■' 


In  view  of  the  illustrations  whieli  have  ije(!n  giviui,  we  re- 
peat what  was  stated  in  {\w  beuinning  of  this  paper,  that 
Indian  placivnamcs  are  not  proper  names,  that  is  unmeaning 
marks,  but  signilicant  appellative  a,  each  conveying  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  locality  to  which  it  l)clongs.  In  those  parts  of  the 
country  where  Indian  languages  are  still  spoken,  \\w  analysis 
of  such  names  is  comparatively  easy.  Chip[»ewa,  (,'ree,  or 
(in  another  fanuly)  Sioux-Dakota  geographical  names  may 
generally  1)0  translated  with  as  little  difficulty  as  other  words 
or  syntheses  in  the  same  languages.  In  New  iMigland,  and 
especially  in  our  part  of  New  England,  the  case  is  different. 


*Col.  William  Lithgow's  deposition.  1707, — in  New  England  Historical 
and  General  Register,  xxiv.  21. 


44 


THE  COMPOSITION   OF 


We  can  hardly  cxjx'ct  to  a.scortaiii  llio  UK'aiiin<i-  of  all  the 
names  which  have  come  down  to  ns  IVoni  dead  liinji'uages  of 
ahorighial  trilx's.  Some  ol"  the  oh.stacles  to  accurnte  aanlysls 
have  hccn  pointed  ont.  Neai-ly  every  geographical  luiiue  has 
heen  nuitilated  or  has  sullered  change.  It  would  indeed  he 
strange  if  Indian  polysynthcses,  Avith  their  I'reiiuent  gutturals 
and  nasals,  adopted  I'rom  unwritten  languages  and  liy  those 
who  ■were  ignorant  of  their  meanings,  had  lieen  exempted 
from  the  phonetic  change  to  which  all  language  is  suliject,  as 
a  result  of  the  uiuversal  dis^iosition  "  to  put  more  facile  in 
the  stead  of  more  dillicult  sounds  or  combiiuition  of  sounds, 
and  to  get  rid  altogcthci'  of  what  is  unnecessary  in  the  words 
we  use."*  What  l'r<jfessor  ilaldeman  calls  oto)<is,  *  that  error 
of  the  ear  hy  which  words  are  perverted  to  a  more  familiar 
form,'t  has  etVected  some  curious  transformations.  Swat(tra,'j^ 
the  name  of  a  stream  in  Pennsylvania,  l)ecomes  '  Sweet 
Arrow;'  the  Poto/icico  of  John  Smith's  ma])  ijx'itupp'ig,  a 
bay  or  cove  ;  Eliot.^  on  a  l»end  of  the  Potomac,  is  naturalized 
as  '  Port  Tobacco.'  Nainaauke,  'the  place  of  llsh'  in  East 
Windsor,  i)asses  through  JVanicrack  and  Nainalakc  to  the 
modern  '  xMay  Luck.'  Moskiln-cuike,  '  grass  land,'  in  Scituate, 
R.I.,  gives  the  name  of  '  Mosquito  Ilawk'  to  the  brook  which 
crosses  it.§ 

♦Whitney's  Languaffc  and  the  Study  of  Language,  p.  G'J. — "  Ein  natiir- 
liches  N'olkfgefiihl,  oft  audi  dcr  Volkswitz,  den  nicht  melir  verstiuul- 
enen  Nanien  neu  uiniiriigte  Tiiid  niit  anderen  lebendcn  W(irtorn  in  A'er- 
bindung  setzte."    Dr.  J.  IJender.  Die  denlsclun  Orlgnamcn  (2tc!  Ausg.)  p.  2. 

flialilcnian's  Analytic  Orthography,  iJ279,  and  "Etymology  as  a  means 
of  Education,"  in  Pennsylvania  School  Journal  for  October,  18U8. 

f  "  Swatawro,'  on  Sayer  and  Bennett's  Jlap,  1775. 

§"  Whiskey  Jack,"  the  name  by  which  the  Canada  Jay  (Perisoreus  Can- 
adensis) is  best  known  to  the  lumbermen  and  hunters  of  Alaine  and  Canada, 
is  the  Montagnais  Ouishcalclia'^  (Cree,  Uutsk'es/iauneeith) ,  which  has  passed 
perhaps  through  the  transitional  forms  of  '  Ouiske  Jean' and  '  \V1  iskey 
Johnny.'  The  Shagbark  Hickory  nuts,  in  the  dialect  of  the  Abnakis 
called  s'koJsliKila'inennar,  literally,  '  nuts  to  be  cracked  with  the  teeth,'  are 
the  '  Kuskatominies'  and  'Kisky  Thomas'  nuts  of  descendants  of  the 
Dutch  colonists  of  New  Jersey   and  New  York.     A  contraction  of  the 


rNDlAN   GP:0(iRAl'HfCAL   NAMKS. 


45 


111  ('onnecficut  and  Hliodr  Isliind  s|u'('i;il  ciiiiscs  oppratod  to 
('orrui)l  and  translonn  aliUDst  Ix'voiid  iiossiliilily  of  ivcojiiii- 
tioii,  many  (»!'  Ilic  Indian  iilacc  names.  Five  dilTei'cnt  dia- 
lot'ts  at  Irast  were  spoken  between  Narra<^ansell  IJay  and  the 
Ilousatonio  River,  at  the  time  ol'  the  lirst  nmunji'  of  the 
Enji'lish.  In  early  (1(mm1s  and  ennveyanees  in  the  C(tl(tnial  and 
in  local  reeords,  we  lind  the  same  river,  lake,  tract  of  land  or 
bonnd-mark  named  sometimes  in  the  Mnhhekan,  sometimes 
in  the  Xarriiuanselt,  or  Niantic,  or  Nipnmck,  or  Coiuiecticnt 
valley,  or  (.|Jiiinni|tiae  (  Qniiipe(>)  dialect.  The  adopted  name  is 
often  iwlra-Vimttarii  to  the  tribe  by  which  it  was  ^iveii.  Often, 
it  is  a  mixture  of,  or  a  sort  of  compromise  between,  two  dia- 
lect.s ;  half  Mnhhekan,  half  Narragansett  or  Nipnmck.  la 
the  foiMu  in  which  it  comes  to  us,  we  can  only  guess  from 
uliat  lanunaiic  or  lanuiiaues  it  has  been  corrupted. 

The  analysis  of  those  names  even  whose  composition  aj)- 
pears  to  lie  most  obvious  must  be  accepted  as  provisional 
merely.  The  recovery  of  a  lost  .syllal)le  or  of  a  lost  guttural 
or  nasal,  the  correction  of  a  false  accent  even,  may  give  to 
the  synthesis  another  and  hitherto  unsuspected  meaning.  It 
would  be  surprising  if  sf)jno  of  the  translations  which  have 
been  hazarded  in  this  paiier  do  ntit  prove  to  be  wide  of  their 


plural  form  of  ;i  iliii'siU'hiij'i^tts  nouii-^i'eiierii.', — Ksijuasli,  deiiotiiig  ■  tliin<j;s 
which  are  eaten  <j;reeii,  or  withuut  cuokiii}:','  was  adopted  as  tlie  name  of  a 
garden  vegetable, — with  eonseious  relL'rence,  perhaps,  to  the  okl  English 
word  s(ju(t!<h,  meaning  *  something  sot't  or  innnatnre.'  Sometimes  etymol- 
ogy overreaches  itself,  by  regarding  an  aboriginal  name  as  the  corrupt 
form  of  a  foreign  one.  Thus  the  mas/cahmt/e  or  'great  long-nose  '  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  (see  p.  i;!)  has  been  reputed  of  French  extraction, — 7?!r(,'!- 
(/ne  elonr/e :  and  fot/iic/.omi,  the  northern  name  of  a  plant  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  or  to  mix  with  tobacco, — especially,  of  the  Bearberry,  Arclostaphy- 
/(«  t/i'a-K/'s/j-^is  resolved  into  xai'-a-coinml.i, '■^  on  account  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  ollicers  carrying  it  in  bags  lor  smoking,"  as  Sir  iJohn  llichardson  be- 
lieved (Arctic  Searching  Expedition,  ii.  a03).  It  was  left  for  the  inge- 
nuity of  a  Westnnnstcr  Reviewer  to  discover  that  barbecue  (denoting,  in 
he  language  of  the  Indians  of  Guiana,  a  wooden  frame  or  grille  on  which 
all  kinds  of  flesh  and  fish  were  dry-roasted,  or  cured  in  smoke,)  might  be 
a  corruption  of  the  French  barhe  <?  i/ueiic,  i.e.  'from  snout  to  tail:'  a  sug- 
gestion which  appears  to  have  found  favor  with  lexicographers. 


4t; 


TMK   roMPOHITION   01' 


I' 


mark.  Kvcn  Eiiulisli  clyinolofry  is  nnt  rt'ckuncd  iunoiiii'  the 
oxcact  sciences  yet. — iiml  in  Alii'Diikin.  tlicrc  is  the  lulditiuiial 
(lisadviintntic  of  liaviiiu'  no  Sanskrit  vcrlis  '•  in  ud."  to  tall 
l)ack  on  as  a  last  rcsoct. 

Recent  nianil'(>statioiis  of  an  incrcasinu'  interest  in  Indian 
ononiatolojiT,  or  at  least  of  awakened  enriosity  to  discover  the 
meanings  of  Indian  names,  may  pi^rliaps  Jnstily  the  wi'itei-  in 
olFerinff,  at  the  close  of  this  iin|M!r,  a  lew  sn^u-estions,  as  to  the 
method  of  analysis  which  appears  most  likely  to  uive  correct 
resnlts,  and  as  to  the  tests  hy  which  to  jndge  of  the  jii'<'1ndiil- 
Ujl  that  a  snjiposed  translation  of  any  name  is  the  tine  one. 

1.  The  earliest  recorded  form  of  the  name  shonld  lie 
songht  for,  and  every  variation  from  it  shonld  he  noted. 
These  shonld  he  taken  so  far  as  possil)le  from  original  man- 
uscripts, not  from  ])rinted  eo|)ies. 

'2.  Where  the  dii'li.'i'eiu'e  of  forms  is  consideriOde,  knowl- 
edge of  the  character  and  oppoi-timities  of  the  writer  may 
sometimes  determine  the  preference  of  one  form  to  others,  as 
prohahly  the  most  acenrate.  A  Massachusetts  or  Connecticut 
name  written  hy  .lohn  Eliot  or  Experience  Mayhew — or  l>y 
the  famous  interpreter,  Thomas  Stanton — may  safely  be  as- 
sumed to  represent  the  original  combination  of  sounds  more 
exactly  than  the  form  given  it  by  some  town-recorder,  igno- 
rant of  the  Indian  language  and  who  perhaps  did  not  always 
write  or  spell  his  own  correctly. 

3.  The  name  should  be  considered  with  sonu'  reference  to 
the  topographical  features  of  the  region  to  which  it  belongs. 
These  may  sometimes  determine  the  true  meaning  when  the 
analysis  is  doubtful,  or  may  suggest  the  meaning  which  would 
otherwise  have  been  unsuspected  under  the  modern  form. 

4.  Remembering  that  every  letter  or  sound  had  its  value, 
— if,  in  the  analysis  of  a  name,  it  ])ecomes  necessary  to  get 
rid  of  a  trouljlesome  consonant  or  vowel  by  assuming  it  to 
have  been  introduced '  for  the  sake  of  euphony,' — it  is  probable 
that  the  interpi-etation  so  arrived  at  is  not  the  right  one. 

5.  The  components  of  every  place-name  —  or  to  speak 
more  generally,  the  elements  of  every  Indian  synthesis  are 


INDIAN   OKOGIIAI'llICAL    NAMKS. 


sl(/)ilfim)if  ro'its,  not  luoru  fntctlnii)*  <>f  iron/x  iii-l)itriirily  so- 
IccttMl  for  new  (M)iir.tiiiiiti(Jiis,     'I'lion;  lias  liccii  no  inon^  pi'o- 
lilic  sourct'  of  error  in  dciilinus  with  the  ctyinoloiiv  and  the 
jz;raniin!iti<'al  strnt'tnrt'  of  tin'  American  lanuiiii<j(s  tli;in  that 
onc-sidctl    view   of    the    truth    which    was    nivcn    liy    Dnpon- 
ccau*  in  the  statenii'iit   that  "■  one  or  more  syllal)lt's  of  each 
simple  word  are  ucnerally  chosen  and  conil>ined  totrether,  in 
one  compound   locution,  often   Icavinii'  out  the  harsh  conso- 
nants  for  the  sake  of  euphony," — and   repeated   t)y  llecke- 
welder,f   when   he    wi'ote.   that  "  in  the   Delaware  and  other 
American    lanu'uauos.   ])ai'ts    or    parcids    of   dilVercnt    wunls, 
sometimes  a  sinii'le  sound  or  letter,  are  compounded  toirether 
in  an  artificial  manner  so  as  t(»  avoid  the  meeting'  of  harsh  or 
disajireeal)le  sounds,"  A'c.     The  "•  single  sound  or  letter"  the 
"  one  or  more  syllaliles,"  were  chosen  not  as  '•  jjart  oi-  parcel" 
of  a  woi'd  l)ut  hecause  of  their ////(trew^  slt/nlficance.     The  Del- 
aware'•  i'/Av^c,  a  youth,"  is  tft — as   lleckewelder  and  Du- 
ponceau  reiiresented  it  to  he  J — "  formed  from  jn/sit,  chaste, 
innocent,  and  letutjie,  a  man,"  hut  from  iml-  (Mass.  ]ien-,  Ahii. 
j><V-,)  strau,ii(!,  nov(d,  iinuft'ti  (and  hence)  pure, — and -a^pe 
(Mass.  -oDij),  Aim.   (i"hr,)   a  male,  vir.     It  is  true  that  the 
same  roots  arc  i'otmd  in  the  two  words  vxh-xit  (a  partici])le  of 
the  verb-adjcclive  /;//-(>•(/,•  he  is  jture,')  and  /(•//-a^'im:.  '  com- 
mon man  :'  but  the  statement  that  *'•  one  or  more  syllables" 
are  takm  from  these  words  to  form  Pllape  is  inaccurate  and 
misleading.     It   might  with  as  much  truth  i)e  said  that  the 
English   word  hoyliixnl    is   Ibrnu'd  from  selected   syllables  of 
boy-ish  and  man-hood;  or  that  ^.>h>vV^  '  compoumls  together 
in  an  artificial  mannm'"  fractions  of  punU  and  (puil////. 

We  meet  with  sinular  analyses  in  almost  every  jmblished 
list  of  Indian  names.     Some  examples  have  been   given  in 


*  f'orrespoiiilt'iicc  ot'  DiipniiccMii  niul  Ilt'ckewflder.  in  Trans.  Historical 
and  l.itfrary  Cdininiltoe  of  Am.  Pliilos.  SociL'ty,  p.  403.     flljid.,  p.  -UM!. 

J  I'rt'fiice  to  tJuponceau's  translation  of  Zfisberj;er's  Grammar,  j).  21. 
On  Duponci'aii's  autliority.  Dr.  I'ickcrinij  aict'ptiMJ  tliis  analysis  and  gave 
it  currency  l)y  r(.'|)fating  it,  in  liis  admirable  ])a])('ron  "  Indian  Langnages," 
in  the  Encyclopaedia  Americana,  vol.  vi. 


IS 


IHl':    COMPOSITION    OK 


the  iircccdiiiu-  |)!i<i-cs  of  tliis  |i;i|i('r. — ;is  in  tlic  iiitorpretation 
of  '  Winiiipisiou'cc  (\).  -Vl)  \>y  •  the  lir;iiitit'iil  wiitcr  of  tho 
liiti'h  pliit'O,"  .v  or  r .s"  licinii'  rcuardcil  us  the  fiiictioiiiil  icprcsont- 
jilivc  of  ' /ivr.s',  liiuli.'  /'fiiiii/cirassct  \u\s  liccn  translatt-d  liy 
•  crooluMl  pliKT  of  |»iiii's'  iiiid  'crooked  niniiii(iiiii  piiu'  plii(.'0,' 
— iis  if  /i'(ii-)i,  'a  |iiiic/  or  its  |iiuriil  kdi-ash.  coidd  dispfusc  in 
composition  with  its  si^'niliciint  luiso,  kc^  and  appeal'  l)y  a 
•rraniniatical  formative  only. 

(!.  Xo  interpretation  of  a  placo-name  is  corroct  wliieli 
makes  Ikk/  '/rdiiniuw  lA'  the  oriuinal.  'I'ht;  apparatus  of  Indian 
synthesis  was  euniliersome  and  perliaps  ineleuant,  hut  it  was 
ni(!ely  adjnsteil  to  its  work.  The  u'l'ammatieal  rehitiqns  of 
words  wei'e  never  h>st  siuht  of.  The  several  components  of  a 
name  had  (heir  estal)lishe(l  order,  not  dependent  upon  tlie  will 
or  skill  of  the  coni]»oser.  When  we  read  modern  advertise- 
ments of  •'  chea])  gentlemen's  travelini;'  hatis"  or  '•  steel-faced 
carpenters'  claw  hanuners,"  we  may  conslrne  such  ])lirascs 
with  a  latitude  which  was  not  peiniitted  to  the  Al,ii,'onkins. 
If  '  Comiecticut'  means — as  some  have  suji[iosed  it  to  mean 
— '  lonji'  deer  place,'  it  denotes  a  jilace  whei'e  Ion;/  deer 
ahounded  ;  if  '  l'iscata(pia'  was  named  '  <ireat  deei'  river.'  it 
was  because  the  deer  found  i>i  that  river  were  of  remarkahlo 
size.  "  Coacjuanock'  or,  as  Hcckewelder  Avrote  it, '  Cuwequen- 
aku,'  tlu^  site  of  riiiladelphia,  may  mean  '  jiine  long-place ' 
))ut  cannot  mean  'long  pine-place'  or  'grove  of  long  pine 
trees.'  If  •  JV'migewasset '  is  comptmnded  of  words  signify- 
ing 'crooked,'  'pines,'  and  'place,'  it  denotes  "a  jjlace  of 
crooked  i)ines.' — not  '  crooked  place  (jf  pines.' 

Again — every  Indian  mime  is  romij/cte  within  iti<elf.  A 
mere  adjectival  or  <nuililicative  cannot  serve  independently, 
leaving  the  real  ground-word  to  l)e  supplied  by  the  hearer. 
River  names  must  contain  some  element  which  denotes 
'  river  ;'  names  of  lakes  or  ponds  something  which  stands  lor 
'  lake'  or  '  pond.'  The  Indians  had  not  onr  fashion  of  speech 
which  permits  Hudson's  River  to  be  called  'the  Hudson,' 
drops'the  word  'lake'  from  'Cham|,lain'  or  Erie,"  and  uuikes 
"the   Alleghanies"   a   geographical    name.      This  difference 


INUIAN    OlMKillAI'IIK  AL    NAMI'H, 


iiinst  not    lie  Insl    siuiit  (if,  ill  aiiiilvsis  or  t  iiiisliitioii.     Ai/d- 


1f>iiiii  i)V  Aiii/iiiiii  (11  li;iiii('  ^iivcii  Id  scvi'Tiil  Idcalitii'S  iii  >r\v 
KiiLiliiiiil  wlicrc  tlicrt'  arc  low  Hat  iiicadow.s  ni-  iiiaislics,)  caii- 
iiol  lie  (lie  ('qui\alcii1  of  tlic  AiiiiaUi  nifUKi'tt,  wliidi  means  "a 
-tliniirili    ti(/fiiii"il<i-/,l  (II'   sdliiclliiiiu    like  ir 


siu(ik('-(lri('(l  lish. 
( il'  such  a  uanic  slioiild  lie  IdiiiKl).  miulit  mean  •  smdke(|-|isli 
|ilace.'  ('liJrk(tlmiii'ni/i  ddcs  not  stainl  Ini"  •  ^'irat  cdin.'  ikh' 
I'liwnitinh-  lor  •  iiiiicli  di'  many  deei'  :'t  liecaiise  neither  •  cdiiT 
iioi"  'deer"  desiiiiiates  jiliicf  or  ini|ilies  li\e(|  hu-alidii.  and 
iherel'dre  neither  can  lie  made  the  ji'i'd'tad-Wdrd  dl'  a  phiee- 
name.  Aii'ir'ixcii(/i/in  ov  A»i<>sc(i(/i/ln  is  uu\  IVdin  the  Almaki 
*  i(uiiis/iii/i,y(i)i.  Iish-s|ieariiiu'."*  I'or  a  similar  reason  (  and  nidi'e- 
over,  liecause  the  termination  -/('"//"/t  denotes  always  an  inxirii- 
iiicnf.,  never  an  <irli<in  op  a  /i/nre  :  it  may  iieloiiL;'  to  •  a  llsli- 
spear,'  lint  not  to  *■  lish  spearinji'  nor  to  llie  locality  *■  where 
lish  are  speared.") 


on. 


7.     The  locative  post-jMisition.  -et,  -it  or-»^§  means  ///,  (if  o 

It  locates,  not  tlie  oliject   to  th 


-not  •  land'  (.»r  '  plac 


name  of  wJiicli  il  is  allixed.  lait  Koiin/Jiiiii/  clxf  as  r(dated  to 
that  dlijei't. — whicii  must  l»o  of  sncli  a  initiire  thai  Ideation 
can  lie  pre(licate(l  oC  it.  Aniimtte  noinis,  that  is,  names  dl' 
animate  iiiijects  canndt  receive  this  allix.  'At  the  rdck" 
((///^/^.vA-ff/),  '  at  the  nidiiiitain  '  {/r(((/c/iii-iif).  nv  '  \\\  the  conn- 
try'  {a/i/c-it,  auk-it),  is  intelliii'ililc.  in  Indian  or  ImiuHsIi  :  ■  at 
the  deer."  '  at  the  liear,"  or  '  at  the  stiiriiuons,"  would   lie  udu- 


sense  in  auv  laim'Uimi; 


\VI 


len  animate  iKiuns  dccur  in  plac 


*  It  WMS  so  iiitt'i'|ircl('il  ill  the  Ilistdiiciil  Mii;i;i/ini'  i'or  M;iy.  lS(l,"i  (p.  ihi). 
■flliid.     'I'd  tlii>  iiitcrpi-ctiilidii  111'  /'(/'/('((^Kr/,' tlicic  is  tlic  iiinrc  (jlnidiis 


oliicitidii  tliat  :i  prclix 


iiiil'viii^- •  iniicli  or  iiiiiiiv' shduld  W  I 


ollowx'd  iidi 


\\\  iihluL  or  allut,  'd  dt'cr,"  hut  liy  tlu'  jiliiial  iililnL 


IjllOI/. 


J  Et\iii(i!oj;i(';il  V()cnl)iilary  of  (icojrrniiliical  XaniL's,  Mpiicnili'il  to  the  |;is| 
edition  of  Wi'Iistcr's  Dictionary  (isoi).     It  may  bu  jiroiici- to  remark  in 
this  coniu't'tion,  that    tlie   writer's   ri'siioiisihiiily   for  tiie   correctness   of 
transhitions  jiivi 
Irlliuti 


en  ni  tlial  vocaliiilarv  does  not  extend  lievoiid  Ins  own  eon- 


oiis  to  U. 


I  (' 


inaki  and  (  re* 
a  connect inu'  vowel. 


<Ji'  -,'/, 


-l)el;i 


iware  and  C'liiiipewa, -//_(/ or -'V/, 


50 


iiii:  (OMPosnidN  oi' 


imnu's,  iho.y  I'cci'isc  tin-  Ibriiiiifivf  ni'  vciliiils,  oi'  sn-vt-  ns  n<ljft  - 
tiviil  pri'lixcs  lo  sainc  Inciili/iuii' ui'iiiiiKl-wiird  or  iKiim-ii'ciii'ric. 
IS.  Finally, — in  the  iiiialysis  <»!' ^•I'liiii-iiidiiciil  iiiiiiics,  dilU'r- 
ciiccs  111'  /(iii;/ii(ii/i'  i\iiil  iHiili'i't  imist  ii(»t  lie  tlisrc^ai'drd.  In 
dctcnninini!,-  tlic  primary  nicaninii'  ol"  lools,  jircat  assislnnct! 
may  Ik;  had  l»y  llic  runiparisDn  ul'  derivatives  in  nearly  related 
lanji'uaii'es  t»r  llie  same  stuek.  lint  in  American  laniiiiaLi'es, 
tlie  diversity  of  dialeets  is  even  more  remarkalile  than  the 
identity  ami  constancy  of  roots.  Kvery  trilie.  almost  every 
villajio  had  its  pocidiarilics  ol' speech.  Names  ctymohtuieally 
identical  iuijj,lit  have  \vid(dy  rlil'li'rent  nieaninus  in  two  lan- 
fl'uaji'es,  or  even  in  two  nations  speakini!'  siilistantially  the 
same  lan^'naut;.  'I'lie  eastern  Aliionkin  jicneric  name  f(M" 
'  lisir  (^luhiKi-iis.  Del.  H(iiiinl-K)  is  restricted  liy  nortlnM-ii.  and 
western  trihes  to  a  sinule  species,  the  stin'jieon  ((^hip.  na- 
mai',)  as  f/ir  llsh.  par  excellence.  Affii/c,  in  .Massacdinsetts 
was  the  common  fallow-deer. — in  Canaila  and  the  north-west 
the  earilxMi  or  reindeer.  The  Abnaki  Indian  called  his  »/'«/ 
(«<tV)  liy  a  name  which  the  ("hippcwa  iiives  his  Iiorxi-  {<ifl-iiti  ; 
ndi,  my  horse).*  The  most  common  noun-generic  of  liver 
names  in  New  Knuland  {j-tiilc,  'tidal  riv(;r')  ocHMirs  rarely  in 
those  of  Pennsylvania  and  N'ii'ginia,  where  it  is  replaced  liy 
-hiinnc  ('rapid  stream'),  and  is  unknown  to  western  Alii'on- 
kiu  triiies  whose  streams  are  undisturbed  by  tides.  The 
analysis  of  a  geojiraphical  name  must  be  sought  in  the 
language  spoken  by  the  nauu'-givers.  The  correct  translation 
of  a  (,'ounecticut  or  Narragansett  name  is  not  likely  to  be 
attained  by  searching  for  its  several  components  in  a  Chip- 
pewa vocabulary  ;  or  of  the  name  of  a  locality  near  Huilson's 
River,  by  deriving  its  pr(;(ix  from  an  Abnaki  adverb  and  its 
ground-word  from  a  Chippewa  participle,  —  as  was  actually 
done  in  a  recently  published  list  of  Indian  names. 

*  IJoth  words  liave  tlii'  simu:  luuaiiiiij;, — that  of  •  n  doiiiL'stic  animal,'  or 
literally,  •aiiiiiiate  proiiurtv  ;'  •  In;  who  Imloiiys  to  me.' 


Ailaiii-,  .lull 
.'|-.'s.  :UUi. 
177,  ISl, 

A(laiii<,  Sai 
.'f<i(». 

Allen,  Kth.i 

Allin,  Ucv. 

Aliis(ju.  He 

tijn'  Coin; 

Al.-(>|i.  .lohn 
American  '1 

viil. 
'  Americani 
letters  to  I 
Arno  d.    lU: 
Captain 
April,   17 
eolonel. 
His  cont 
(ien.  Scl 
<m1  ilep 
hl'ijr-  J,'ei 
in    the 
paid  l)V 
Arnold, 

Letter  Ir 

Arnolil,    . 

Hart  for 

"  Asia"  ma 

ea[)tnre. 

York,  '.'lit 

Auehninty, 

Babcock, 
with  Cei 
.S41. 

Balieoek,  Cc 
ter  to  Co! 
nam  reec 
general,  S 

Babeoek,  Di 
ter  from,  .' 


II: 

Iro 
lol 


lis  a<ljt'<- 

J^flll'lic. 

s,  dilVtM'- 
|('(|.  Ill 
■;>ist!llict! 
V  rclatrd 

lilliltl't'S, 
lilll    tlic 

s(   I'vi'iy 

nnlcjilly 

two    lilli- 

ully    the 

liUlIC    I'oi' 

lorii,  iiii<l 

/lii|t.  na- 

irliiisctts 

ortli-wcst 

(I  liis  (/'/// 

'  (oti-ini  ; 

:  of  river 

riirely  in 

•liK'i'd  liy 

■II  Altioii- 

cs.      The 

it    in    tlic 

l!lllslillil)U 

ely  to  1)0 
11  ii  Cliip- 
Huilson's 
I'll  ami  its 
s  actually 


iiniiiKil,'  ur 


INI)  I :  \ 


A(lillii«..loliii.  I  II,  •.'■.'!.  •.'•-'•-'.  •-'•-'7.  ■.'•-'S. 

;t2M.  Wi>.      Hi,  ,liiiiv  .|Iiu|.mI,    I  1  I. 

177,  IHl,  \HH. 
Adaiii!',  Simim-l.  I.'ir.   Ill,    .'.11.  .'Gh, 

3tiO. 

AIKmi,  Ktli;iii,  •.';!i,  -'k;. 

Allili,  lliv.  .loliii,  ll-J,  I  ■-•■.. 

Alii:'!)!!.     |{('V.     F!;l!l('i.«.     |)lc;lc||C»   ln'- 

tbrc  ('iPl!i;!'os>,  •>[).>. 

Ai.-(.|..  .Idhii,  lit.  •-'•.'<;,  ;it;i. 

AiiiLMiiaii 'I'lirtle.  >"  l>i!sl!!icll.  I  >;i- 
vM. 

"  AllU'l'ifMIIUH,"  (EllL'lll'/Cl-    llaz;!!il,) 

lutturstoMr.  IJeiinc,  II"-',  l'.J7. 
Arno  d,    IJciiedict,    11<i,    2'10,    3.(7. 

Captain    ol'  vuliiiitciT    coinpuiiy. 

April,   1775,   -J'S,     ('fiii!i!iission('(l 

oolont'l,    hy    Massiichiisctts,    23'J. 

His  coiitol  witli  Ktliai!  Allc!!,  •-'.■)(;. 

(icn.  ScliiiN  Itr  \va!!ts  liiiii  appuiiil- 

»'(l  di'p.  aiij.  ;ii'iici'al,  2."cJ.    (,'liOM'n 

brig,  j.'1'iii'i'al,  •'!  l^*.     Hi?*  t  xpi'iisi'.- 

in   tile    'ric()ii(lc!'c(|.fa     expedition. 

paid  liy  Coiijri'css,  ii."il. 
Ai'iiold,    Hai!iiali.     Liiiii'  to,   :!,'i4. 

Lettei'  IVoiii,  'Sod. 
Ainold,   .Idlii!,   witliili'aws  t'vum  the 

Hartt'oi'd  cliiii-cl!,  >")."i. 
"  il,s/u"  man-of-war;  project  tin-   in'r 

capture,  251,  27S.     Fii-cs  (ni  Xew 

York,  '."J(i. 
Anehnuity,  Uev.  Saimiei.  221. 

Babcock,  Adam,  175.  A  volimtcer 
with  (Jen.  Lee,  ;i5.'i,  [..elter  I'l'oni, 
.141. 

F3alieoek,  Col.  Harry,  3;ti!, ;;  i;i.  Let- 
ter to  Col.  Saltonstall,  ;{3  7.  I'lit- 
iiam  rei'onn!iends  him  tor  lirig. 
geiiei-al,  ;};!7. 

Baheoek,  Dr.  Jos<hua,;!;3(!,  ;{5G.  Let- 
ter t'rom,  ;!55. 

47 


HalMMiik.  Mr..  ;iill. 
Baihr,  liirhai'd.  Ill,  ;I02. 
Uaniii,  Aliillrw,  55,  7(!,  711,  ■j7.     Mr. 
Sloiii'-  chaige-    against  liini,  lO."), 
115, 
Baldwin,  Kev.  Llienezia';  letter  from, 

;il2. 
Barding,  N'atlianiel,  of  Hartford,  79. 
iiarnard,  Framis,  5  1. 
Barnard.  Jiihii,  s;i.     W'ithdra  w>  ti'om 

tin    H.irttiad  chnndi.  55. 
liartlrii,  ,liFsi;ili,  ;[(;o, 
B.iyanl.  Mr.,  Ill,  115,   ;)01. 
Bay>y,  .loliii,  Hi. 
Beers,  .Mr,,  poslmasteratNew  Haven, 

X]  1, 
/-''  iihili,  ship,  expected  from  Lrmdon. 

I  lis, 
liiddic,  [Edward.]    185, 
Biddle'-  'ravern,  Philadelphia,  106. 
Bird,  ^Ir,  ot'Mrginia,  .'f07. 
Bland,  Bichard.of  \'a,,  17!),    IHl. 
Boerinn,  .Simon.  220,  227. 
Bostiin,  173,  171.  271,  27;3.     Contri- 

i)Ulii)n  lor  I'elief  of,  I.'IU,  137.     Uu- 

inor  of  hostilities  at.  W'J.  15i>,  153. 

I'o-itioii  of  tin'  troops  near,  218. 

Coinininiication  with,  cnt  oil',  250. 
Bostnn  clinrch,  invited  to   take  |)art 

in  a  coiuuil  at  Jl.irtliird,  Ua,  lofi 

Stv  Hartford  (diiircli. 
Bostwick.  yL  ,  1  75. 
liiatlle.    Benjandn.    oi'    Cambridge. 

15  1.  ' 

Bristol,  I'a.,  Iti5. 
Bi'oome,  .Joliii,  115. 
Broome,  Sanuiei.  111.    Letters  t'rom, 

11)1.213. 
Browne,  Edward,  of  SM(lbur\ ,   101, 

112. 
Brnsh,  Civan,  11)3,  200.      Described 

201. 


370 


T  X  D  F,  X  . 


T^uek.  DaniL'l.SIS. 

Buck,  Himniili.;i|f<. 

Hlirk.  .Ii)si;ili.  -.'lis.  .'MS. 

Hiilkk'v.  I'ftiT.  .'I-J-.'. 

Biincf,  'riupiiiiis,  (11)0(1.)  "i.'). 

HmikiT  Mill  biUlle.  27(»,  271,  -.'T-i. 

Biiriioyiip,  (iiMi.,  'J<1.S,  2St;. 

^^ll^llli('ll,  David,  invents  ;i  niiuljinc 
t()r  hiowiiirr  lip  llic  etu'iiiy's  ships, 
31S.  Di'scriptiiin  of  tli(>  niinliiiie, 
"Hi,  317,  .'!•.'■_'.  Dilliciiiticsot'coii- 
siruclioii,  XV,],  ;!."is. 

Cadwalliifli'i',  .folin.  -'."),j, 

CainpliL'li.  Ciii.t..  •2-2>.  L'2;i. 

"  Candiil  Exaniiiiatioii,"  In  Jos.  Gal- 
Iowa  v.  211.  212. 

Caswell,  Kichard.  of  N.  ('..  dos.Tllicd. 
184. 

Chaniplin,  Capt. .  ;iii2.  .■J07. 

Cliavlestown,  Mass..  liiiriied,  271. 

Chauilcey.  Rev.  Cliarles   112.  12.0. 

Chester.  Juliii.  eoniniaiids  eoiiipany 
of  "Wetherslield  \ oliinleers.  211; 
Coniinissidiied  ea])tain.  2.")2.  His 
conijianv  mentioned.  2<ir>.  At  Bnn- 
ker  Hill,  270. 

Chew,  J..  Md. 

Church,  liichi'.rd,  withdraws  from  the 
Hartford  eliiireh,  a."). 

Clark,  Daniel,  secretarv,  101.  103. 
10."»,  107. 

Cleveland.  Capt.  Aaron.  1,JG. 

Cohbett,  Re'-.  'I'lioiuas,  of  Ipswieh, 
112. 

Cobble  ITill.  3;i9. 

Coit.  Capt.  William.  2;{.%  211. 

Colbron,  Wm., uf  Boston.  (1  (;.-)».)  109. 

Committee  of  Secret  Correspond- 
ence, 3(13.  Their  instruetinns  to 
Mr.  Deane.  3G.">. 

Conanient  Island  plundered  bv  Capt. 
Wallace.  337. 

Confiress  of  the  Colonies  proposed, 
12!). 

Confiress  meets  in  Philadelphia.  172, 
—in  Carpenters"  Hall,  IG!),  172. 
OlHcers  chosen.  172.  List  of  mem- 
bers, 17><.  Spirit  of  the  southern 
delefiates,  17,'!.  J'roceedinjis  to  be 
secret,  171.  Committees  appoint- 
ed, 174.  Character  of  the  dele- 
gates from  So.  Carolina.  175, — 
from  Virginia,  181. — from  N.  Ca)-- 
olina,  184.  Connnittee  of  riglits. 
171t, — on  acts  of  parliament.   179. 


Coin-sc  of  bnsiness,  184,  18.".,  289. 
Resolves  on  resohitioiis  and  ad- 
dress from  Sud'oik  county,  183. 

Opening  of  the  secontl  session. 

229.  'Jalk  of  adjournment  to  Hart- 
ford. 233,  2(i.'^),  293.  Removal 
northward  discussed.  241  249,  2<ia, 
307.  Ajijiointsafastday.  292.  lle- 
ces's  ]iroposed,  292.  293.  Adjourn.s 
to  Se]itember  Isl.  293.  Committee 
on  naval  preparations,  339.  .S'e<' 
Committee  of  Secret  Corresjiond- 
ence. 

Connecticut  ap]ioint.-  delegates  to 
the  Congress  of  1774,  13S.  Vol- 
unteers inarch  for  Boston,  on  the 
September  alarm,  l.'iO.  l.J5.  Plans 
lor  organizing  the  militia,  140,189. 
Orders  the  purchase  ot'  arms,  213. 
Si'iid  a  committee  to  Gen.  Gage, 
221,  22,%  230.  Provides  lor  coast 
defence,  22.0.  Prficeedings  of  As- 
sembly. !May.  17  7."),  2;!1.  Regi- 
ments ordered  to  Cambridge,  231. 
2.').).  241.  Six  thousand  men  en- 
listed, 23.").  Appoints  a  Commit- 
tee of  Safety.  23,0,  239,  243.  Una- 
nimitv  and  firnmess  ])revail,  237. 
Proceedings  of  Assembly,  238,  242, 
211.  ICxpenses  for  defence,  to 
.Time.  1775.  M],  The  eastern  col- 
onics depend  on  Connecticut,  27  7. 
Her  conduct  applauded,  2,03.  2,07. 
283.  Assembly  meets  July  1,  277. 
Two  more  regiments  raised,  27  7. 
Putnam  appointed  a  major-gener- 
al, by  Congress,  28.0 ;  his  promo- 
lion  offends  Gen.  Spencerand  oth- 
ers. 2S,0,  2.S8.  Committee  sent  to 
the  Congress,  to  ])rocurc  money. 
,')()9.  2vewdelegatesclected  to  Con- 
gress, Oct..  17  7,0,  320.  Changes 
in  the  general  assembly,  323.  Re- 
])oit  of  delegates  to  Congress,  (Mr. 
Deane  and  Col.  Dyer.)  327.  Dis- 
pute with  Pennsylvania,  about 
Siis(piehannah  lands,  327.  Pro- 
ceedings of  Assembly  at  N.  Haven. 
December.  177.0.  ;t3(),  344,  346. 
Intrigues  in  the  Assembly, — the 
Club  at  Munson's,  &c.,  349*. 

Connecticut.    .See  Hartford  church. 

Coombs,  [Coondie.  llev.  Thomas,] 
171,  182. 

Cornel  family,  185. 


351. 


INDEX. 


371 


J,  185,   289. 
lis   and  ni\- 
nty,  lS;f. 
011(1  session, 
ditto  Hart- 

Kt-nioval 
111  240, -jo:), 
ly.  2!t2.    Rc- 

Adjourns 
Coiiiniittoe 

(.Vii'res|ion(l- 

elojiates    to 

V.is.     Vol- 

stoii.  on  the 

1 5,5.  Plans 
tia,  110,189. 
)!'  arms,  213. 

Gen.  Gaiic, 
k's  for  coast 
(lings  ot'  As- 
2;!1.'     Repi- 

bridjre,  231, 

11(1  men  en- 
a  Conimit- 
213.    Una- 
prevail,  23". 
bly,238,242, 

(lel'cnce,  to 
u  eastern  col- 
leelieut,  277. 
L'd,  253,  257, 
1  .July  1,  277. 

raised,  277. 
iiiajor-gener- 

liis  promo- 
leeraiul  oth- 
ittec  sent  to 
eure  money, 
ected  to  Con- 
0.  Clianges 
ly,  323.  Re- 
)iiii'ross,  (Mr. 
)  327.  Dis- 
aiiia,  about 
327.  Pro- 
atN.  Haven. 
),  344,  346. 
•em  1)1  V, — the 
.,  349'. 
ord  chureh. 
V.  Thomas,] 


Council  of  churches  held  in  Boston,' 
1(!59,     *SVt'  Ilarttbrd  church. 

Crane,  Slepheu,  of  N.  J..  13  7.  I3S. 
1G3,  170. 

Cresap.  Col.  of  \'ii'<^iiiia,  274,  275. 

Crow,  .Juliii,  a  wiilidrawer  from  the 
llartibrd  church,  55. 

Crown  Point,  24  7,  2IS,  2iJ0.  Pris- 
oners brought  to  Ilarttiird.  237. 

Culliek,  John,  511,  11  (I.  Xotes  of  his 
discussion  with  Ilev.  S.  Stone,  53. 
Withdraws  from  Hartford  church, 
55,  70,  78,  87.  Lettei'  to.  from 
Massachusetts  ministers,  59.  Com- 
plained of,  by  the  church.  79.  He- 
moves  from  Cdiineeticiit,  llo. 

Cusliiiig,  Thomas,  144,  178.221,  222, 
304.  " 

Danforth,  Rev.  .Samuel.  112,  125. 

Davenport,  Rev.  John,  .S2,  KH,  102. 
His  letter  to  the  AVetherslield 
chureh,  8.'S. 

Davenport,  Abraham,  lUfi. 

Davis,  John,  preached  in  Hartford  in 
1655,54, 

Deane,  Barnabas,  1 79,  267,  281.  Let- 
ters from,  217,  231,  24(J,  26il,  270, 
351.  Lieutenant  of  volunteers 
from  Wetherslield,  215,217.  Sent 
to  Tieondcroga,  2;>7,  246. 

Deane,  Rarzillai.  146,  149,  155,  267, 
281. 

Dean  ,  Mrs.  Elizal)eth.  (wife  of  Si- 
las,) 149,  190,  20S.  \-c. 

Deane,  James,  coiiiiuissiouer  ibr  the 
northern  Jiidiaiis,  o.!0,  331. 

Deane,  Hannah,  145,  268.  .Married 
Josiali  Ruck,  348. 

Deane,  Jesse,  115,  268.  ' 

Deane.  John,  222,  26  7,  292. 

De.\xk,  .Sii..\s,  pro])oscs  to  establish 
a  settlement  oil  tlic  western  lands, 
133,  131.  iVK'nilier  of  the  Conn, 
eoimuittee  of  correspDiidciicc,  199. 
I'roposes  a  general  Congress,  129, 
136,  Appointed  delegate  to  the 
first  Congress,  138.  His  journey 
to  Philadelphia,  142.  1  13-6'.  163-6. 
<.)bservati(jiis  onthecity.  167,  l(;s, 
182.  Oil  committee  on  acts  of  jinr- 
liament  alfecting  trade,  179,  181. 
Again  in  Welhcrsfield.  192.  Pro- 
motes tin;  expedition  against  '11- 
conderoga.  21S,  26  7.  Returns  to 
Philadelphia,  220,  221,  226-8.  Vis- 


its Wilmington,  256.  On  eominit- 
teesofCiiiigress.261,266,  268,  312, 
323,  32s.;!,i:i.  Plans  -a  bold  stroke," 
willi  (leu.  .Scliiiyler,  266,  251,  268, 
275,  27S.  ICxciirsion  to  llie  Jer- 
sies,  281.  I'naiiotes  the  appoint- 
ment of  Putnam  as  niajor-iieneral, 
2.SS —of  S.  B.  Webb,  and  John 
Chester,  291,— of  Jos.  Trumbull, 
292.  At  home,  in  the  recess  of 
Congress,  Aug..  1  775.  293-4.  Jour- 
ney to  Philadelphia.  301.  His  sen- 
timents on  the,  great  issue,  307. 
Routine  of  duties  in  Congress  and 
on  committees,  .•!I2.  Noniiiuited 
one  of  the  Assistants,  in  Conn., 
315.  His  (diaracter  sketched  by 
^Ir.  Hogg,  318.  Not  re-elected  to 
Congress,  320,  323.  Rellections 
on  being  superseded,  324-5.  Let- 
ter to  Gov.  Trunibiill,  327.  Asks 
for  a  ]Miblie  hearing,  Uy  the  Conn. 
Assembly,  331.  ilisiemoval  is  re- 
gretted in  Connecticut,  345,  348, 
;'>5S,  Promotes  Arnold's  appoint- 
ment brig,  general,  .31S.  Declines 
re-elect  ion  I'rom  Welliersfield  to  the 
general  assembly,  350.  Receives  a 
testimonial  from  members  of  the 
Congress,  360.  A])poiiile(l  com- 
mercial and  political  agent  of  the 
colonies,  36(J.  Contracts  to  jmr- 
chase  goods  and  muiiitioiisof  war, 
in  France,  ibr  public  use,  3ii0. 
Farewell  letters  to  bis  witi',  360- 
61.  His  instructions  from  llu; 
eommltti'e  of  secret  correspond- 
ence, ;i()5.  Sail.s  from  i'hiiadel- 
])hia,  March,  1776,361,364.  Com- 
pelled by  wind  to  return,  and  re- 
embarks  lor  Bermuda,  361. 
Letters  from. — 


to  III.':  irife,  JMrs.  Eli/aliclh  Deane, 
113,   16.3,   179,  LSI,  18(;,  221,   226. 


I       233,  246,  249,  252, 
2(i6,   268,  271,  275, 


25.S,   260, 
2«0,  28  7. 


2(i  1, 
289, 


293,  3i»l,   307,  30S,  323,  339,  346. 
3  17.  319.  360,  3(;i. 

—  SdiHiicI  II.  I'lirsons,  I  21'. 

--  (.'i)l.  (I'ltrilon  Siillonsliill.  2>'9. 

—  Fin/i'i-  (!(i>i,  192. 

—  I>r.  r>tiij(iiiiin  (idle.  21)1. 

—  J'i'liiliii/'i   ]\'i  lh-l<  i:  2111. 

—  O'or.  Trumlinll,  329. 

- — il//V>'  /Iiiiiiiiil.  A  I  mild.  .'!54, 


^^'DF.x. 


872 

__.  Samuel  B   l^''''';'  Jl^'^f  ,1;. 
^Samuel  Bmme,m,.^ 'i- 
^- Peter  Vandervoor,  U^^- 
^Dr.   Benjamin    Oak,  2IJA 
3-22,  323,  358. 

^  Barnabas  Deanci^T'^'^^^  "' 

•260,  270,  351. 
^Je^se  Root,  237. 

__/,.aac.S.ar.s278   284. 

__  £/(,>7irt  i^/ic/yw,  2  Ju. 
^PhiliiJ  Skei-n.'i^'J-       . 

—  Jame.s  Uoij<h^^\  „.,., 

__  Dr.  Joi^haa  Bahcock,6oo. 
_  /))•.  ^»/iOS  j1/«/'/,  34». 

Deane,  Slnu-on  14.).     Utto 

190,  249,  29G,  326. 
Pebevdt,  185.  ^       .^^    io3. , 

L»e  Hart,  John,  ot  iN-  •'- 

DeLancey.Jame^.lJ-'- 

^3s';^FS.M-n-y-224. 

Anecdote  of  L.m,2U. 

Doshon,John.  .-^>^--  .,.,.,, ;,1, 

Dickinson.  Join,    ur 
185,  280,  368.    ^ 

l-*'ii5S.«rs<.wn 

lus(U>atUnotict''l,341. 
Duane,  James,  _22(.. 


at  the  opening  of  the  second  con- 

""'*;'r"l''lot     11"    145,167,170, 

1)  ,,   V. hphale^    1 1 -,      ^J  ^^,^    first 

3.,.!,  340.      Ut.t  jj^^^,.^ 

009!    M^ndH.rofeonncilut^akt^ 
7..  -    .)'»n      Not  re-elected  to  con 
''^''..'.'oo      :^  r.-Ueanethinkshnn 
gvess,.!20.     iM',     .,,;     3f,o.     lie- 
unfairly    t''''''to«l-    •j^'' 
turnshome,  310,  .5;.0. 

Easton,  Joseph.  81-  iiaven,8-.', 

Eaton,Theoph.us.olNov 

Klderkin,  Jedediah,  23,.,  -*•'• 

^^"-.  -,    ,     ,n.)    i(;4,  324. 

Elix.al)elhlown,N.J.,l<-^'  u-^- 
Ensign,  James,  8:i,  116. 

,   Fairfield,  188,  222^  :^X ^^^ 

1  Favnsworth,  Di'm  1'^"'  '^'^'    .gy  ^90. 

duirch  in  Hartford,  50. 

Fitch,  Samuel,  .'■'4 •  .,.26,227. 

Floyd,  Col.  Wm..  110,  l^'^'-  ' 

173,178. 

liage,   V"  ■■. 

271.  27:5.      ,      .  -g.j      Let- 

«=^^^'^^rrsi«^2,3i5. 

tors  trnm,  to  ^-  ^  ' 

3.2.  33!1,  35H.    Letter  t.  294. 
(iale,  Capt.[^ammda   -^2.         ^^^ 

'      tion,"  &e.,  212. 


INDEX. 


373 


icond  con- 
It;?,  170, 
the   first 
S.  Deane, 
il  „f  i^al'cty, 
ed  to  t'on- 
thinksliini 
;tr)0.     Ke- 


wll;ivcni,!SJ. 

■I'M. 

xl)ury.   1"9, 
la,  1(14,  :i-^l. 

,i)t,  Uiiuon's 
.rk,  2-n. 
of  tlu!  people 
s  to  volunteer, 

,)Mr,  18U,1'.»0. 
Iraws  from  the 

,   .)0. 

1,  170,  •226,227. 

idelpliia,  223. 
(i.nkur  Hill,  271. 

iimin,  228,  275, 
Htcr  to  Col.  Sal- 
its  Killingwortb, 
i.mmittee  of  se- 
cc,  3G3,  3G5,  308. 
N.  York,  223. 
■olony ;  laws  reg- 
<sion  of,  90. 
clpliia.  107,  172, 


lu>r,  100,  175. 
as,  150,  219,  221, 

11    142.  163.     Lct- 

Deano,  202,  315, 

.ettcr  to,  294. 

lU'l.l   272. 
100.109,201,228. 

Caniliil  Exaniiua- 


^1 


Garnicr,  Mons.,  308. 

Gates,  Gen.  Horatio,  2 71,  27,'j.  Ap- 
pointed adj.-fjeneral,  27  1. 

Gay,  Fisher.  192,  .122. 

Gennantowii,  Penn.,  107.  Descrilieil. 
282.  L'S;!. 

(iil)bons.  Wni.,  of  Hartford,  51. 

Gloucester,  N.  ,1.,  2sl. 

(ioddard,  Wm.,  183. 

Gooch,  Isaac,  lO'.i. 

Goodridge,  Kli/ur,  151. 

Goodwin,  ()/ias,  55. 

Goodwin,  William,  an  eliler  ni'  the 
Hartford  chin-cli,  00.  Oppuscd  to 
Mr.  St<me,  Oo,  ;•_',  7!>,  :>:'•.  Signs 
a  letter  to  the  cliureh.  70, — and  to 
other  churches,  78.87.  Removes 
from  Connecticut.  11(». 

Grave,  (Jeorge,  of  Harttord.  81. 

Graves,  Isaac,  55. 

Greg,  ('apt.,  of  (ireenwich.  .'M5. 

(trecn.  Timothy.  |irinter.  "J  10. 

Green  ^lountain  Hnys,  24  7,  352. 

Greenwich,  222. 

Griswold.  C'apt.  \Vm..  of  Wetlier-- 
field,  330. 

(iun-locks  piircliaseil,  2:*  I,  290. 

Hancock,  .fohn,  delegate  to  congress, 
from  Massachusetts,  221,  227,  231. 
['resident  of  congress,  I'.'iy,  20.'i. 

Harbert,  Henjanun,  55. 

Harrison,  Col.  Benjamin.  303.  .'lOS. 
Described,  181. 

Hartford  :  proposes  a  non-consinnp- 
tion  agreement,  15].  ohinteers 
march  ibr  Boston,  150.  Talk  of  a<l- 
journing  congress  to  meel  at,  233. 
205,  293.  Prisoners  conlined  at. 
200,  280,  301,  S-Mi. 

Hartford  church  controvei'sy,  1050- 
59,  51  et  seq.  Kesult  of  a  council 
held  in  Boston,  Sept.,  1059,  112. 

Harwinton,  150. 

Haviland's.  in  Kyc.  222. 

Hazaril,  .lonnthan.  338. 

Hazard,  Kliene/iT,  131,  305. 
tions  generid  assrnibly  for 
claim  of  western  lands.  I3;i.  iSigns 
ills  letters  '  Amevicanus.'  191.  202. 
Prepares  a  collection  of  state  ])a- 
l)ers,  &e..  200.  I'ostmaster  at  New 
York,  273. 

Heatli,  Isaac,  of  Roxbury.  1 1  2.  1  25. 

Hempstead,  .hishua.  Jr.,  352. 

Heuderson,  Col.  Robert,  318. 


IVli- 
<|nit- 


Henry.  Patrick,  of  Va..  181. 
Henshaw,  [Benjamin,]  207. 
Hewi'S,  .Joseph,  ot' No.  Carolina.  181. 
Iligginson,  1-vev.  .lohn.  ids  lesiinutny 

anil  counsel,  in  tlie  Hartliird  churcli 

controN  crsy,  1(3. 
liilljiouse,  .Fames  A.,  2,31. 
Hinman.  Klisha. ;!  t;»,  ,!52. 
Ilinman,  Col.  liinj.'imin,  2.')5. 
Hinsdale,  Daniel,  2li0. 
lloadly,  Charles  .1.,  105. 
IKjIiart.    .Tolin   .Sloss ;    litter    to   .Mr. 

Deane,  .3.35. 
Hogg,  .lames,  agent  tor  the  Transyl- 
vania company:  letter  from,  3i8. 

Delegate  to  the  congress.  31  s. 
Hog  Island  alfnir.  25". 
Holt.  .John.  220.  27.3. 
Hooker,  licv.  Thomas.  5:i. 
lloo|)cr.    Win.,    of   \.  Carolina,  dc- 

scrilied,  181. 
Hopkins.  Ezek,  .33:!. 
Iloiikins,  .John  15.,  ;i.i;;. 
Ho  aier.  Tilns,  207,  .!5o.     J'lan  I'or 

the    militia,    ls9.      Letters    from, 
j      152.   238.  211.      Delegate   lo  ccm- 

gress.  in  <'ase  of  \acimcy,  .320. 
Ilniise.    Mrs.,    of  I'liiiailcfphia.    100. 

171'.  !S(».  .no.  ;i|s.    Ijerdauiihter, 

.Mrs.  'I'rist,  180. 
Ilowland.  . Joseph.  25s. 
Iluhiiard.  i!e\.  William,  nf  l])-uiili. 

112.  125. 
liuliliard.  William,  1  13, 
lliill's  Tavern.  New  York,   II  t. 
Himtington.  Iienjamin.  235.  23:i 

—  .labez,  2.!5.'  2311. 
.Tedediah,  27  7. 

Samuel,    chosen    an    assistant 

231.     ^h'nd)er   of  the    council  of 
safety,  235.     Delegate  to  congress. 

'      320,'  Takes  his  seat,  ;:oo. 

I  Indian   geogra])hical   namc<  ;    J.  H. 

Trnndjnll.  on   tlic   composition  of, 

1-50. 
Ingersol.  .Tared.  1  70, 
li'ish.  (jeorge,  writes  from    Newport, 

.•10;;. 

Jiimrs.  ship,  not  allowed  to  |;uid  liei- 

cai'go  at  New  York.  1115, 
.larvis.  Rev,  Al)i'aham.  27(;. 
.Iann(!ey.  .lamex.  I!i.3,  201. 
•Fay.  .Folin.    170.   1  7:i,   18,;,  324,308. 
•Jerom,  .John  and  .Stephen,  302, 


374 


INDEX, 


Johnson,  Wm.  S.,  138,  22"),  2;i0,  2.'!]. 

J)e(;lincs  to    attend  the  eon<;ress, 

i;!8,  l.'il),  117,  1G7.     Sent  to  confer 

with  (ien.  (iiige.  221. 
Juild,  Ml'.,  released  hv  the  I'ennites. 

;i28. 

Kelsy,  William,  (Hartford,  Kii-)?.)  81. 

Key.'*,  Miss ,of  rhiladeljjhia,  2.")5. 

Killingworth;     ''is[)Utes    about   the 

post-olliee,  294.  3;M. 
Kiiui/islier  eruises  olfN.  London.  271). 
iving's  Bridge,  112,  It.-}. 
Kinsey,  James,  of  X.  .Jersey,  l.'iB,  1  7li. 
Kirkland,  Kev.  Samuel,  3;{0. 

Lanib,  Capt.  John,  of  New  York,  290. 
Lasher,  Caj)!.  John,  226. 
Lattiniore,  Col. ,  of  Xeweastle, 

343. 
Law,  Riehai'd,  138. 
Lawrence,  captain  of  armed  schoon- 
er at  New  York,  298. 
Lead  mine,  ]\Iiddletown,  238,  322. 
Ledlie,  [Laidlie,]  Rev.  Dr.,  14C. 
Lee,  Arthur,  3(J8. 
Lee,  Gen.  Charles,  2()8,  28(!,  354. 
F^ee,  Kiehard    IJ..   delegate  in  eon- 

gres.s,  179,  181. 
Ledingwell,   Christopher,  218.     His 

plan  tor  organizing  the  militia,  140. 

l^etter  to  Mr.  Deane,  2  j8. 

Levy,  iliss ,  1711,  189. 

Lewis,  Francis,  220. 
Lewis,  Isaac,  .'j.5.  ll.'i. 
Livingston,  Philip,  179,  220.  228. 
Livingston,  Wra.,  138,  14.j,  103,  170, 

179. 
Lord,  Richard,  84. 
Lniulv.   ,    sent  under  guard   to 

llartlbrd.  280. 
Lyme;  s:dt-making  at,  302. 
Lynch,  'riumiiis,  ol  So.  Carolina.  20.">, 

301.    His  personal  aj)[)earance  and 

chariieter,  1  7.>. 

MuDougall,  Alexander.  144,  278. 
McEvers,  James.  144. 

MeKean, .  3  1;!. 

Malbone.  Capt.  Kvan,  :;o;i. 

Maltbie.  Lieut.,  3.");i. 

Marsh,  John,  a  withdrawer  from  the 

Hartford  church.  .").">. 
Marsh,   Hev.  John,  of  Wetherstield. 

1.55. 
Mar.shall,  Christopher,  340. 


:\rarshiill.    [Humphrey  VJ    172,    170, 

177. 
Massachusetts  churches :  letters  from, 

to  tint  church  and  withdrawers  in 

llarttbrd.  ;>'.>,  04. 
Massachusetts   I'rovincial   Congress, 

150,  220,  232.  245. 
Mathi'r.  Rev.  Richard.  0;i,  112,  125. 
Mead,  Dr.  Amos  Mead  ;  Utter  li'oui, 

;!I8. 
.Megapolensis.  Kev.  J.     His  account 

of  tile  Mohawk  Indians,  mentioned, 

21 10. 
.Meigs.  M;ijor  R.  J..  285. 
Memorial  of  delegates  of  .\.  J.,ondon 

ami  New  Haven  counties.  101. 
Middleton,  Henry,  of  So.   Carolina, 

described,  175. 
Aliildletown,  129,  188.     Lead   iiiine, 

2.38.  322.    Military  comjiany  of  old 

men.  formed,  272. 
ISlilllin.  Thomas.  198,  280.  291,  304. 

Captain  of  volunteers,  228.    jNIajor 

of  militia,  255.     Aid  to  Washing- 
ton. 209.  291. 
Militia.    Plans   for  organizing,   140, 

189. 
Mille.'.  Andrew,  of  N.  Carolina,  319. 
— — ,  John  S..  Letter  from,  139. 
Mini  rrii.  brig,  in  colony  service.  330. 
Mitchell,   Itev.  Jonathan,  invited  to 

HarttbnI.  (10  19,)  53.     Member  of 

(lie   lioston   council   of  churches, 

112.  125. 

Mollatt,  Dr. ,  208. 

Moland,  Joseph,    prisoner  in  Hart- 
ford, 320. 
Morgan,    Thomas,  of  Killingworth, 

294. 
^h)rgan.  Major  [Daniel,]  275. 
Morris.  Robert.  302,-3.-4,  308. 
Morri.-,  Judge  [Richard  VJ  222. 


,  240,  244, 
expedition 


Moscly.  Ui 

Mott.' Edward,  218,  23; 
A  commander  in  the 
against  Tieondiuoga,  218. 

Moil,  Samuel.  220,  -^25, 

Mumford.  Capt.  D.,  1  is.  149.229.324. 

(iiles,  1  18. 

— — •  James,  1  75. 

Thomas,    138.    139.    21.s.    225, 

;;24.  ;il9.  Letters  from,  138.  14  7, 
I  IS,  230,  234,  201,  270,  310,  313, 
;i 44.      Letter  from  (i.  Irish  to.  303. 

Murray,  Mr.,  1  70. 


1 


4 


INDEX, 


87a 


New  Iliiven.   141,214.  .TIl-2.     'I'lic  Penii^ylvuniii:  pxpensps  fnr  dcfencr 

(Miib  at  Aliiii.son's.  .'M!t.  in  1 7  7.i.  ;i-.'i.i. 

Nev,-  JiTfifv,  l;i7.  191,  ;!1(!.  I'elLT.N  Uev.  .Siimiiol.  191. 

N'cw    liOiidon,    .'li;!.     J'n)visi(in>  lirir  Phi'lps,  Ciijit.  Klislm.  .'IH,  .'ill.:!l7 

(l(>tiMicc  of. -219,  220.  ;{;i2.      Itccoiii-'       lA'tlcr  Iroin.  I'li.".. 

iiu'iidcd   as  a    navv    station.    :il  I .  PliiladL'i])liia.  lHo.  |i;7,  1(19.  18,>. 

Post-ollice.  •.'7.'l.   Sliiu|)  {wizard,  .'i.'rj.  Kiddle's    'ravcrn.    IPtl.     .Mariii'l 

Ninv  London  county.  Alfctinudl'di'l-  Iii7.    liiS.     Cariicnturs'   liall.   IHI 

cifatusti'oni.  .Si'iit..  I  771,    l.j:i.  Hll.         " 

New  York  Asscnil)ly  ruCiisus  to  adopt 

the  proc't'odin;.'s  of  congri'ss.   19;i. 

195.   19(1.     J)isi'ussions.    I  US.    I!i9. 

List  otY'i'iiivaiu'C'S  adoptciL  -.ML 
New    York  city.     l!ecf)ition  of  tlu; ,,„,.,.  -, 

eastern  d('li';iates  toeoiiuress.  1  M.  I'liipps.  l)a\id.  .'I.').!. 

Fayseonit  to  ('i)niieelieiit.  I  IL    A  I'orler.  Col.  .Icisliiia.  -'.'17,  •.'.")7. 

iriajority  friendly  to  the  canse.  1  97.  I'rinceloii,  N.  .[..  Ill  1.  -227.  ;;ui. 

Ships  not  permitted  to  land  Hrii-  I'rivateers.    to    he    (iileil    out    from 

ish  e-oods.  19.").  197.      Iteeeplion  of  ('oniieetieiii.  ;'.l'i;. 

the  eastern  delejiales  in  1  77...  222.  I'rudden.  Ke\ .  I'eier.  of  Miitord.  8:i. 

22.'i.      Defection  of.  snspeeted.  2;!  I.  I'utiram.  Israel.  seiid>  an  express  to 

Cannon  removed  from  the  IJattery,  alarm  the   eoiiiii\.  on  a  rejxjrt  of 

29(1.     The  ))eople  driidv    H.  J.  tea.  husiilitics  al  Ho-'l(.n.  I  19.  l.")U.  1.").'!. 

in  disregard  of  tlie  eoni:i'ess.  ;ilO.  1  7il.       IJi-     re^iiment    ordere(l    to 

.\   stnmbiino-  iilock   to  the   canse  ( 'andirid;;e.  2.1.").      Hi-  intrepiilily 

■■'''•' '■■    '''■'  rellecis  honor  on  the   Colon v,  2><.'!. 


pcnters'  liall.  Iil9. 
170.  I  7;.  IJellerin^honse.  I  71  2, 
177.  Chni'ches  anil  ministei's.  171. 
172.  1S2.  2(19,  -.'.so.  Civility  and 
hospitality,  is.").  \\'arm  military 
spirit.  22S,  2;l.'l.  Decline  nf  tl'ade. 
II'.).     Militarv  eompanie-,  2.").'!    1. 


of  liberty,  a, .. 
New  Yoi'k,  I'rovinee  of.      Its  critical 

state,    a    causi-    of  anxiety.    2.'ilt. 

Warm  whifrs  (  nrse  the   ])rovineial 

conjiress,  297. 
Newark,  N.  J.,  lfi;i.  227.  :!o4. 
Newf()undland,    not   friendly   to  the 

eolonial  cause.  190. 
Newton,  Kev.  J!oi:-er.  SI. 
Niles,  Nathaniel. '2:!9. 


Ilijihly  esleemecl  hy  Washiniilon 
and  i,ee.  -•the  hero  of' the  day." 
2S.').  lieceives  the  applause  otthe 
continent,  2»9.  .\ppointed  major- 
general.  28.').  2S9.  The  general  as- 
sembly testifies  to  his  •  siiiLnilai- 
merit.'  28.").  Dissatisfaction  of 
(:ien.  Si)encer  and  his  Iriends.  2S."). 
,...^.7,  i.i.L..„i.iv ..  -■..J.  28S.  Uecommends  Col.  liai'ry  Hall- 

Nitre  ;  e.xperiments  t'or  the  manut'ac-        eock  for  a  brit;adier  general,  -i.w. 

tureoi;  ,')2'i,  ;;21. 
Noddle  Island  ail'air.  2.) 7.  Randolph,  Peyton,  pres.  of  congre.-s. 

Xoith  Carolina  delegates,  dc-cribed.         172.  179.    181.      Described.  1  7.i. 

181.  liaritan  Ferry,  Ull. 

Norton.  Hev.  Jolm.Dt'  lioston.  H'l.  7,!.    Ilathbone,  Capt.,  of  \.  Loudon.  272. 
8;i,  1(12.  112,  12.").  Heed,  .Joseph.  18.").  28,i. 

'  lievere.  [Paul,]    18."..  27;i. 
Paine.  Robert  Treat.  I  ;  I.  227.  Itliodc  Island.    Me;  sures  flirdefeme. 

P;irs(jns,  .Sanuu-l  II.,  i;!l.-.").  1  ls.  •.';),").       ;).")."). 

244,-,5,  291-;i.      Letter  from,  201.    Kiiduirds.  John,  5  1, 

Letter  to,  129.     Opposed  to  Put-    Kiley.  Ca])t. ,  200,  2Gi;.  271.  292. 

nam's  appointnieni   as  niajor-geii-    i!i\  iugton.  flames.  201.  •_'!•_> ;   his  pa- 
eral.  285.  per  to  be  slopped.  1  70. 

Partridge,  (Partrigg.)  W'm..  .")5.  Iloberdeau,  Col.,  175.  255.  .iOl. 

Patterson,  j\Ir.  of  T'hila(leli)liia.  170.    Itodgers,  [Hev.   Dr.  .E()hn."|  of  New 
Peck,  Paul,  of  Hartford.  (1(158.)  81.  York,  IK!. 

IVircy.  [Hev.  William  J'ercyV]  255     Romans,  Hernard.  2;;7. 
Pendleton.  Kdminid.  of  \'a.,  isi.  Hoot,  Jesse  ;  letter  frum.  2:i7. 

Penn,  Elder  James,  of  Hoston,  109.      Hosseter,  Dr.  Bryan,  of  Guilford.  74. 


37fi 


I N  n  R  X . 


Howlii 


Wil.-ii 


(III.  271. 


Russell,  l.'fv.  -lolin,  of  Wctli.islii'M 


rs.  M. 


lvi<li;ir<l.    of    Cliiirlcstowii.    Sniitlicrti  foii 


Smith.   Dr.  William,  lOd.   Kifi,   170, 

L'tJit.  -'HO. 

.S|)eiiut'r.  'riiipiiias.  of  IFiirlford.  81. 


1 1  •-'.  1  L'.". 


KmiU'iI; 
UmiIimI. 


Ji.h 


)f  So.  Carolina, 
d,  17... 


Saltonstall.  (Ja|)l.  Kiidlcv.  :W,.  ;;,;.j, 
'M'.K  .'Ml.  ;u.),  ;i i(j. ;!.")(!.  .\|)|)oiiit- 
t!il  to  eoinniainl^ilu'  Mind.  oW'i. 
.•|;fii,  .'M.-i.  His  olIictTs.  :i,".;!,  I.ct- 
ter  from.  '.V.'yl. 

Siiltonstall,  Giiliirl,  ■>■'>{. 

Saltoiistall,  Guriloii,  i;i.s.  1."),"),  157. 
174.  27(j.      [..uttois  I'rom.  111'.  1.'.7. 

iijj,  L'0.">.  -Jio,  L'l'ii.  -.'L'l.  •-'28.  -.'i;;, 
272.  2;»8.  ;;ii2. ;;;;:,.  :!,-,2.  Loii.t  Io. 
2811. 

Saltoiistall.  Sarah,  2iis^.  •idl  ;  marries 
Daniel  Hiiek,  .ifS. 

Saybruuk,  281, 

Schuyler,  (ien.  i'liiii|i.  2.il.  2,")2.  His 
tharaeter.  2i;7.  I'laus.  with  .Mr. 
Deaue,  a  •  bolt!  slroke.'  2.')1.  2ini. 
2118.  27.).  278. 

Sears.  Isaac.  111.  222.  Letler^  from. 
278.  284. 

Seymour,  Col.  T.  H..  :ilO. 

Shammeiioy  Ferry.  It;.'). 

Shaw,  Tliomus,  ;!U2,  34y,  ;)44. 

Sharj). .  of  New  York.  144. 

Shepard,  Jtev.  'I'liomas,  Til.  112,  12."i, 

Shcrlirooke. ,  of  New  York.  111. 

.Sherman,  Daniel.  ;i22. 

Uev.  John,  (i;;,  112,  12."). 

Uoirer.  1^8.  142.  M.j.    I  16.  IC.'.. 

210.  288,  2i)2,  29;;,  :ii:>.  N'isits 
("onneclieiil,  .'>21,  328.  He-ap- 
poinleil  to(:oii;,;ress,  .'i2i).  iietiirns 
to  Philadelphia,  :!4H. 

Shippinir  and  ship-huildiini,  i;!i'. 
I  |o.  ;m.-,.  ;;,-,1. 

Simi)sou,  rianu's.  I."i2. 

Skene.  Fhilip.  uo\  einor  of  'I'ieonde- 
rojra,  2;i4.  2io.  2i;o,  280.  Sent  to 
Hartford.  2so.  ;iol.  Letter  from, 
to  ^Ir.  Deane,  .'iuo. 

Skene,  Major  Andrew  I'..  301.  Es- 
capes from  Hartford,  :>2G. 

Slack,  Samuel,  ;!.")■'!. 

Sluman,  .Iosi;ph,  ;I2S. 

Smedley,  C'apt.  Samuel,  of  Fairfield, 

;!,-i:).  * 

Smith.  Gershom.  .'71. 
Smith,  liiehard,  of  X.  J..  138. 


peneer, 
^riiuM 


(i 


,h 


I    at     I'm 


the 
-1 


spirit,  22!i. 
Cha- 


lam  s  ])romotion, 
ipiils  the  camp,  2S,"(,  288.  His  con- 
duct censured,  2.'ss.  28;>.  2:)o. 

Spencer.  Itev.  Mr.,  182. 

S|irin;i(itdd.  Mass.,  l.'it. 

Sproat,  Uev.  .lames,  171,  182. 

Sullivan,  l<awi'en('i',  271. 

Siisipieliannah  settlements,  l.'ll.  201. 
Controversv  with  I'ennsvlvania, 
;;27.  328. 

Stamford,  222. 

.Standley,  'I'hoinas.  a  withdrawer 
i'mni  Harlford  ehnreli,  .').'i. 

Steele,  (leurj;e,  of  Hartlbrd,  .Vi. 

Steele,  James,  .")4. 

Stewart,  Col.,  of  New  Loudon,  2ii8. 

Slockini;',  (jeorge,  of  Hartford,  81, 

Stone,  iiev.  Samuel,  83.  8t.i,  1)3.  Di.s- 
ciis>ion  with  Capt,  CuUiek.  .■)3. 
Itesi^iis  liis  otliee  in  the  church,  08. 
His  ackiiowled.iiinenl.  71.  His  let- 
ter, from  Massachusetts,  7.'>,  Prop- 
ositions tothe- church,  7."i.  Propo- 
sitions presented  to  the  j^en. court, 
100.  His  charges  against  the  with- 
drawers,  101. 

Stoiiinglon,  fired  on  ))y  Capt.  Wal- 
lace's vessels,  2!)li. 

Siiiutenburg,  Tobias,  144. 

Stiirges,  [.lonathan,]  311. 

Synimen.  Uev.  Zechariah.  112. 

Talcotl.  .lohn,  84,  124. 

Talmadge, ,  272. 

Tetard.  [Lewis.]  3U4,  30i"i. 

Ticoiideroga  expedition,  218,  219, 
220.  22.".,  232,  231,  240,  244,  3,i4. 
News  I'roni,  2.37.  Prisoners  taken. 
2.'M.  237.  (Jarrison  at  Ticondero- 
ga,  248,  2.;0. 

I'illey.  (  Ensign.)  made  prisoner.  30ti. 

'I'raiisylvaiiia  Coinjiany.  •118. 

'i'reat.Uev.  .Mr.,  140. 

Trenton,  N.  J.,  1U4,  227. 

Tri.st,    Lieut. .  18o.     His  wife, 

180,  189,  22.3,  324. 

Trowbridge,  Capt.,  (X.  Haven.)  284. 

Trumbull.  .Jonathan,  governor  of 
Connecticut.  13|t,  2.3,5,  239,  271, 
302.  His  administration  applaud- 
ed by  Congress,  25.3,  283. 


.•V 


i 


* 


-■t 


INDEX. 


377 


$ 

i 


Tnimbull,  Josoph,  138,  184,  292. 
Tnimhiill,  J.  II.,  on  tlie  (•{imposition 

of    Iiiiliiin    gc(ji;niphiciil     niinics, 

1 -.•)(>. 
Ti)on,  Gov.  William,  279,  29  7. 
Tinner,  Dr.  [I'hilip,]  113,  177. 
'lynji,  Kihvanl,  ot'lloston.  112,  12.1. 

Vandeput.  Capl.,  of  the    1>(V/,  'j:i7. 
VandiTVoort,  IVter,  lutk'.  from,  196. 
\'ir;,'inia  (lel(';r;ites  to  loii'^ross.  de- 
M  rilKMJ,  181. 

Wiidswortli,  Col.Jann's,  .'122. 

.Icit  iniali.  liji.  170,  302. 

William.  (It;.')(i.)  HI.  So. 

Wall;?,  Xathaniid.  23:).  2.!«.  309. 

Wallace,  eajilain  ot'tlu;  Unse.  fires  on 
StonintiUin,  29.s,  299.  Delains 
Capt.  Mali)nne's  vessel.  .'!o;i.  I'jmi- 
der.s  Conanieiu  island.  '.U'lH. 

Ward,  (Jov.  Samuel,  ul  U.  T.,  301, 
340,  34.S,  361. 

Warliam,  Rev.  John,of  Windsor,  84. 

AVarner,  Andrew,  oij. 

Warren,  tJosepli,  271. 

Washinffton,  (Jeor^o,  a  delegate  in 
(■ongress  from  Virginia,  1 79.  I'er- 
sonal  iippearanee  and  character. 
181,  261,  2(57.  Appointed  com 
inander-in-eliief,  264.  Sets  out  for 
the  camp,  266,  269.  Visits  Mvs. 
Deane,  at  Wethersfield,  26  7,  268. 
274  ;    280.  289. 

Watson,  ca|)tain  of  sliip  .fuiiif-s,   195. 

Weld),  ("ol.  Charles.  237,  277. 

Mrs.  Hannah,  361. 

Joseph,  14.5,  u;9,  174,  186,  219, 

267,  27  7,  281,  31l'. 

Samuel  15.,  166,  272,  281.     Let- 
ters to  Mr.  Deane,  187,  284.     Ap- 
pointed lieutenant,  240.     Marches 
to  Candjridge,   243.     Aid  to  Gen.  ! 
Putnam,  291.  ' 

Webster,  John,  governor  of  Connec- 
ticut, .)5.      Withdraws  t'rom  Hart- 
ford church,    0.3,   70,    78,   79,    87. 1 
Censured  by  Mr.  Stone,  105,  115.  i 

Webster,  Pelatiah,  294,  j 

Welles,  Thomas,  de|).  governor,  84. 

Wells,  Charles,  captain  of  a  Weth- ^ 
erslield  company,  3.')2.  | 

West,  Joshua,  235,  239.  I 


'  Western  lands.     Plan  for  the  settle- 
ment of,  131-134. 

Wethersfield.  Uesolves  of  town 
meeting,  (June,  1774,)  135.  Con- 
tribution to  relief  of  Boston,  137 
Volunteer  company  marches  to 
I>o>iiin.  211  ;  in  action  at  Bunker 
Hill.  271.  Sickness,  in  17  75,  3()8. 
Coin])any  of  volunteers  joins  Gen. 
Lee,  352. 

Wethersfield  church,  87,  93.  Trou- 
bles in.  IX.  John  Davenport's  let- 
ter to,  88. 

Wharton,  Thomas,  172,  182.  183. 

Whipple,  Capt.  Abraham,  330,  333. 

White,  John,  withdraws  from  the 
Hartford  <hnrch,  55. 

White,  Kev.  William,  182. 

Whitiug,  l\v\.  Sanuud,  63. 

Whiting,  Col.  Samuel,  240,  243. 

AVigglesworth,  Ilev.  Micliael,  54,  71. 

WUIelt,  Nathaniel.  81. 

Williams,  Rev.  Kliphalet,  155. 

Wiliiam>,  Kzekiel,  137. 

Williams,  Col.  William,  163,  239. 
One  of  the  committee  of  safety, 
235.  Sent  to  Philadelphia,  309. 
Chosen  delegate  to  Congress,  320. 

■Wilnungton,  Del.,  256,-7.-8. 

\\  ilsun,  Thomas.  166. 

Wilson,  Ilev.  John,  of  Boston,  63, 
109,  112,  125. 

Windham  county;  proceedings  of 
delegates  from,  159,  161. 

Winthrop,  John,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, 84. 

Witherspoon,  Rev.  John,  172. 

Woleott,  Col.  Erastus,  138,  225, 
230,-1,-5,  322.  Sent  to  conler 
with  (ien.  Gage,  221. 

Oliver,    delegate    to   congress. 

."20.    Takes  his  seat,  349,  360. 

AVolterton,  Gregorv,  iio. 

Woodbridge,  N.  J.',  164. 

Woodbury,  281. 

Wooster,Gen.  David,  279.  288.  Dis- 
pleased by  Putnam's  a|)pointment, 
288.  Recomuiended  by  1!.  Sher- 
man, 288,  289. 

AVright,  John.   146. 

Wykoir,  Mr.,. )fPhiladelphia,  229,281. 

Wyllys,  Hezekiah.  156. 

Wythe,  George,  of  X'irginia,  328. 


48 


INDIAN   NAMES. 


i;; 


Page. 

Abagadusset,  Abequaduset, 

30 

-COMACO, 

Abnaki, 

7 

Connecticut, 

-ACADIE,      - 

26,27 

Cuppacommock, 

Arawme-, 

-       10 

Accomack, 

10 

-Ehfti,  -ettu, 

-ADCHU,  -ACHU, 

-       20 

Eshqua-, 

-ADKXE,       - 

21 

Agamenticus,  - 

-       10 

-GAMI, 

Agoncy,     - 

28 

Ganshow-hanne, 

Ahquedne,    - 

-       23 

Gonic, 

Akoode-,     - 

28 

Alleghany, 

12 

Hackensack,    - 

-AMAUG,      - 

18 

-HAX,  -HANNE, 

Amessagunticook, 

-       25 

Hassuni; 

Ainoskeag, 

25 

Higganum, 

Auasqui; 

-       41 

-HITTUCK, 

Androscoggin, 

25 

Hoccanum, 

Anmesookkantti, 

25,  42 

HOCQUAUN,      - 

Annis-squam, 

18 

Aquednet,  -nesit, 

-       23 

Ishquagoma, 

Ashawi;     - 

S3 

Ashawog, 

-       33 

Kabasse-, 

ASHIM, 

34 

-KAMIGHE, 

Ashimuit, 

-       34 

-KAOODI, 

Assini-,       .            .            - 

20 

-KANTTI,      - 

-AUKE, 

6 

Katahdin, 
Kauposh-,  - 

Baamcheenunganoo, 

40 

Kearsarge, 

Bagadoose, 

-       38 

Keht;  kit;  - 

-BiK, 

18 

Kehtetukqut,  - 

Boonamoo; 

-       27 

Kennebec,  - 
Kenjua, 

Capawonk, 

29 

Kenosha,    - 

Cappowonganick, 

-       29 

Ketumpscut,    - 

Catumb,     - 

19 

-KI, 

Caucomgomoc, 

-       17 

Kinougami,      - 

Chabanakongkorauk, 

35 

Kiskatamenakook 

Chabenuk,     - 

-       35 

Kittanning, 

Chawonock, 

7 

Kittatinny, 

Chebegnadose, 

-       39 

Kitchiganii, 

( Jhippaquiddick.    - 

23 

Kitchi-sipi, 

Cobbosseecontee, 

26.  42 

-KOMUK, 

Cobbscook, 

42 

!  -KONTU,       - 

Ftgfl. 

-  21 

8 

-  21 

23,  24 

-  41 

17 

-  12 
42 

-  80 
8,  12 

-  19 
19 

8 
30 

-  30 

41 

-  42 
21 

-  28 
22 

-  21 
42 

-  20 
12,  19,  21 

-  12 
15 

-  43 
43 

-  19 

6 

17 

7 

-  12 
21 

-  17 

7 
21 
23 


INDEX, 


870 


-  21 

8 

-  21 

23,  24 

-  41 

17 

-  12 
42 

.       30 
8,  12 

-  19 
19 

8 
30 

-  30 

41 

-  42 
21 

-  28 
22 

-  21 
42 

-  20 
12,  19,  21 

-  12 
15 

-  43 
43 

-  19 

6 

-  17 

7 

-  12 
21 

-  17 

7 
21 
23 


Kunclvqiiachu, 
Kuppo-, 

Lackawanna,  - 
Lcnapewi-hittuck. 

MachiKamic,    - 

Manati, 

Manhasset, 

Manliatan,  - 

Manisses, 

Manussinp:, 

Massa-,  MasTia-, 

Massachusetts, 

Massapaug, 

Massaugatucket,     - 

Masbcnips, 

Maskinoiije, 

Maitabfsct, 

Mattatniuiseontis,  - 

Mattapan,  -lent, 

Mattapony, 

Mattapoiset,    - 

Matchcbiguatus,    - 

Mauch  chunk, - 

Menan, 

Mennewies, 

Meesucontee, 

Mianus, 

Michigan,  - 

Missinippi, 

Missisaking, 

Mississippi, 

Misquainacuck, 

Mistassini, 

MistP-shipu, 

Mitch  igami,     - 

Mohicannittuck,     - 

Montauk, 

Moosup, 

Moshenupsuck, 

-MSK  (i'ov  -OMPSK), 

Munhansick,    - 

MUNNOII-HAX, 

Mushauwomuk, 
Mystic, 

NAlAG, 

Namasket,  - 
Nameaug, 
Nameiake,  - 
Narragansett,  - 
Nashauekoinuk, 
Nashaue, 
Nashua,  Nashaway, 
Natchaug, 


20 
21,  29 

12 

8 

17 
22 
23 
22 

22  I 
23' 

-  15  i 
20  i 

-  15  ' 
32  i 

-  38, 
43  ' 
35  i 
25  1 

-  34 
35! 

-  35 
39! 

-  20 
22 
23 
25 
37 
17 
15 
31 

7 
42 

-  20 

7 
17 

8 
23 
37 

-  38 
18 
23 
22 

-  5,  35 

8 

-  29 
42  ! 

-  38 

38  I 

-  29; 
21 

21,  33 
33 

-  33  1 


Naiimkeag, 
Nayatt,  Nayot, 
Ne.^saooa-,  - 
Newichawanock. 
Nimpanickhickanuh, 

Niri'E,  NKBI,     - 

Nippissing, 
Noank, 

NoiiU; 

Norwottock,     - 

Noyaug, 

Nunni; 

Nuniiepoag, 

Nunkertunk,    - 

Nyack, 

Occoquan, 
Ogkome-.     - 
Ogquidne, 
Ohio, 

-OlIKE,  -OKE,    - 

Okhucquan, 
Oiighin-sipon,  - 

-OMPSK, 

Oswego, 
Ouschankaniang,   - 

Pacatock. 

Par/uan-,     - 

Pahke-, 

Pahquioque, 

Paquabaug. 

Paquiaug,  - 

Pascoag, 

Pasquotank, 

Passaniaquoddy, 

Patuxet,  -ent, 

-paug, 

Pauf/ui; 

Paiiquepaug,    - 

Pauat-. 

Pautuck, 

Pawating,  - 

Pawcatuck, 

Paw  tucket, 

Pemadene, 

Pemi-, 

Pemaquid, 

Pemetiq,     - 

Pemigewasset, 

Pcmiji; 

Pemijigomc,     - 

Pen-, 

Penobscot, 

Pequabuck, 

Pequaunoo, 


Page. 
43 

-  29 
22 

-  12 
37 
14 
15 

-  29 
11 
11 
29 

-  16 
16 

-  29 
29 

-  30 
10 

-  23 
13 

6 
30 

-  13 
18 

-  31 
18 

« 
40 

16,  40 
39 

16,40 
39 

-  11 
11 

26,  43 

9 

15 

39 

16 

9 

!t 

9 

S 

8,9 

-  41 
40 

-  41 
41 

-  41 
40 

-  40 
19 

-  19 
16 

-  40 


880 


iNr>r  \  \  \  AM  Rs. 


Pe.MC'itum-,  - 
I'tske-, 
Pt's(|iiiiniS('ot, 
I'l'ltiiiiiiiinsciil. 

I'i'tii(k(|iiii| k, 

/'fiii/.'iiii-. 
Pik;iii;^liciiiiliik. 
I'liiir-.  - 
-J'ISK.  -PHK, 

Pisc;it;i((iia,  -(|iiO{j. 
I'iscatiiwiiy,  -ii(|ius. 
PoiU'tqiiussing, 
Pohqiti-, 
PniKimo: 
Pofiiiannoc, 
Poutiixat, 
Powhatan,  - 
Pymatuning,    - 
I»yf|uaa}r,    - 
Pitmmeeche-,    - 

Qtiansiffamaiig, 

Quiliitamt'iulc, 

Quiniii-, 

Quinnihtieiit,  - 

Qnini'baug, 

QiiiiU'poxut,     - 

Qiiiniii|)iac. 

-fJUODUY.  -KANITI, 

Qiionsha[)aiig, 

Qiissnk. 

Qiiunkwadcliii, 

Sa<'0.   - 
Saiiad  alloc  k. 
Saganaw, 
SagiH'iiay.  - 
Safiuatiu'kot,    - 
Saiigatnek, 
Saiikimk. 

Si';i()()niiiiiaka(l(ly,  - 
Si'giibbiinakaddy, 
Ski'u,  Skip,  sipi,  - 


lij 


38, 


i:.  1.! 
Ill 
II 

IM 

l(i 

IN 

10 
18 
II 
11 
!) 
,10 
27 

to 

9 
10 

41 
30 


L'fi, 


18 
36 
8.  15 
8 
16 
16 
15 
27 
■t.'J 
10 
20 

30 
30 
31 
31 
32 
32 
31 
27 
26 


Sliaiiiiic. 

Shawiiiiit. 

Sliawwiiuk. 

Sliuln-iiacadic. 

Sliiiiniiit, 

Sicaiiicik.  Siickiaiig. 

Soakatiick. 

Soiiii-. 

S()nki|)aiig. 

Sowaiiuliki', 

S([naiii. 

S((iiaiiiai'Ut, 

S(|iiaiiiiiiagonie, 

S(|iiaiiisfot, 

Shc/cI; 

Swainscot, 

-TCniTAN',    - 

'rcmigami, 
'IVtii|iii't,  Titiciit,  - 
'roinlit'ganomset, 
Traeady,  -die. 

-TUK,    - 
UlIQUON,    - 

Wadciii-, 

Wam])aiioags, 
Wrniii.'i/iijiii'-, 
Wangunbog, 
Wap.iiiacliki,  - 

WlToWOCOIllOOO, 

Winiu'pt'saukee, 
\ViiiiR'i<(jnainsaiikit, 
Winidsiininit,  - 
^Vnog(|lletookoke,  - 
\V()nas(|uatii','ket, 

\\'i>\Kr.\,  W'ONGUN', 

Woiigattiit'k.    - 
\VonkL'maug, 
AVongunpaiig,  - 
Wonni'siiuain, 
Wuskowhaiiaiiaukit, 


34 
36 
33 
■Hi 
34 

t 

32 

-  HI 
16 

7 
18 
42 
42 

-  18 

7 

-  18 

12 

-  17 
11 

-  19 

28 
8 

30 

-  20 

6 

18,  41 

16 

7 

21 

32,  33 

18 

-  34 
30 

-  41 
29 

-  29 
18 
16 
18 

7 


PaftP. 

,!(; 

•-'ti 

I 

.'»2 
III 
Ui 
7 
18 

-  42 
42 
l« 

I 

-  IS 

12 
17 
11 
19 

28 
8 

30 

-  20 

6 

18,  41 

16 

7 

21 

32,  33 

18 

34 

30 

41 

29 

-  29 
18 
16 
18 


